How do we separate …?

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METHODS OF
SEPARATING
MIXTURES
 Learning Competencies

1. describe separation techniques for mixtures

and compounds (STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-10)
2. compare consumer products on the basis of
their components for use, safety, quality and
cost (STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-11)
3. (LAB) apply simple separation techniques
such as distillation, chromatography
(STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-12)
 What is a mixture?
o When two or more materials or substances are
mixed together but do not chemically combine.
o This means they retain their original properties.
o This means they can be separated by physical
means.
 Filtration
o Used to separate heterogeneous
mixtures composed of solids and
liquids.
o Uses a porous barrier to
separate the solid from the
liquid.
o Liquid passes through leaving
the solid in the filter paper.
o The most common type of
filtration is gravity filtration.
Filtration
Filtration can be used
to separate an
insoluble substance
from a soluble
substance.
 Decantation

o Decanting is done to
separate particulates
from a liquid by allowing
the solids to settle to the
bottom of the mixture
and pouring off the
particle-free part of the
liquid. Another method is
to allow two immiscible
liquids to separate and
the lighter liquid is
poured off.
 Distillation
o Distillation is a technique
used to separate two liquids
with different boiling points.
o When the first liquid starts
to boil, it evaporates and
reaches the condenser.
o Water runs along the
outside of the condenser,
cooling the vapor and
allowing it to return to the
liquid state and be collected
at the other end.
Rose Oil Distillation
Evaporation
o Evaporation can
be used to
separate a solid
from a liquid in a
homogeneous
solution.
o The solution is
heated until all of
the liquid
evaporates and
only the solid is left
behind.
 Crystallization
o Separation technique that results
in the formation of pure solid
particles from a solution
containing the dissolved
substance.
o As one substance evaporates,
the dissolved substance comes
out of solution and collects as
crystals.
o Produces highly pure solids.
o Rocky candy is an example of
this.
 Crystal - a solid in which the atoms, molecules
or ions are packed in a regular, ordered,
repeated pattern.

Examples: a)salt, b)sugar, c)baking soda, quartz, diamonds

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Centrifugation

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oCentrifuges separate different components of
human blood or milk and to clarify solutions. A
high speed separator can rotate at great speed to
separate fat (cream) from milk.

oThe spin drier in washing machines is a type of

centrifuge that throws out the liquid by the
"centrifugal force" of the rotation.

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 Chromatography
o Separates components of a mixture
based on ability of each component
to be drawn across the surface of
another material.
o Mixture is usually liquid and is
usually drawn across
chromatography paper.
o Separation occurs because various
components travel at different rates.
o Components with strongest
attraction for paper travel the
slowest.
 Sieving
o A porous material is used to
separate particles of different
sizes.
o This method is most
commonly used to effect
gross separations, as of
liquids from suspended
crystals or other solids.
o To accelerate filtration,
pressure usually is applied. A
series of sieves is stacked,
with the screen of largest
hole size at the top
Using a sieve to
separate sand from
pebbles.
 Magnetism
o Twosubstances can be separated by their
magnetic properties if one substance is
magnetic and the other is not.
 Hand Separation
o Separating the parts of a mixture by hand.
o Only useful when the particles are large
enough to be seen clearly.
o Useful for: separating parts of a salad.
REFERENCES

Araneta, F.L. et.al. (2001). The World of Chemistry. SIBS

Publishing House Inc.

Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. (12th ed.). New

York: McGraw-Hill.

Hein, R. V. et.al. (2004). Introduction to General, Organic,

and Biochemistry. McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

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