Brief

History

Of Philosophy
 Timeline

SO C R AT E S
PRE- AND THE
PRE- S O C R AT I C SO C R AT I C
PHILOSOPHIC PERIOD/ANCI SC H O O L S / C L
AL PERIOD ENT ASSICAL
PHILOSOPHY PH I L O S O P H Y
Pre-philosophical period
Folklores, myths, and legends that the ancient peoples-the ancient
Babylonians, Chinese, Hindus, Egyptians, and the Greeks most
notably--believed in.
These stories are characterized by religious elements or
supermatural powers and not by natural or rational explanation.
Pre-Socratics/ Ancient
Philosophy
Philosophy is said to have begun in the
lonic colonies of Asia Minor around 6th
century Bc through Thales of Miletus
(Turner, 1903; Russel, 1945).
Thales
- Known as the first Greek philosopher and the
father of philosophy.
- By observing nature; he believed that the earth
floats on water, while it is considered as the first/
ultimate substance.
Anaximander
- Claimed that the arche (ultimate
substance of reality) and the substance
(stoicheion) of the universe is apeiron
(boundless, infinite).
Anaximenes
-Argued that air was the
fundamental element.
Heraclitus
- claimed the "unity of opposites"
- the universe is in a constant state of change ; matter is
neither created nor destroyed, it just changes
- theory of universal flux
- unity of opposites
- logos
Xenophanes
-claimed that there is a single
god.
Pythagoras and the
Pythagoreans
- This group believes that the cosmos is a
structured system ordered by numbers.
Parmenides
- change is an illusion, the
real arche is being.
Empedocles
- arche is water, earth, fire,
and air
 Anagoras
- believed that the mind (nous) is
infinite and self ruled.
 Democritus
- believe that everything is
atom.
 Socrates and the Socratic
Schools/ Classical Philosophy
Socrates
- is best known for the elenchus, or the Socratic
method, It is a method of question and answer
which aims to provoke the one being asked to think
for himself or herself and to clarify his or her
conceptions about what is asked.
Socrates
- Socrates is also regarded as the one who
urged self-examination and claimed that "the
unexamined life is not worth living."
Plato
The Republic, one of Plato's most famous works,
his belief that the Greek city-states, to flourish,
must be led by philosopher kings, and that justice
is best manifested if persons would do what is
suited to each of his or her soul.
Plato
- theory of foms, reality only exists in our mind and that
experiences are just illusions.
- introduced the idea of tripartite soul (rational spirit,
emotional spirit, and appetitive spirit)
- founded the academy
Aristotle
- Disagree with the theory of forms.
His method focuses on analyzing phenomena or
experience and proving credible opinions about
these experiences to arrive at adequate proof.
Aristotle
- Father of political science
- Founder of Lyceum
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