MINERALS AND ROCK


 
 Minerals and rocks are the significant building blocks of
our dynamic earth
 They make up the solid part of the lithosphere and provide
us with valuable resources
 There are over 5000 minerals but only a few occur as a
rock –forming minerals .
 
 Rocks are classified according to the origin of formation
 . Over time rock are gradually transformed from one type
to another in what we call Rock cycle.
 The origin of any particular rocks is determined by
carefully examination of its texture ,composition and
internal structure .
 This is the basic of rock identification and classification
 
to meet the definition of “minerals “ used by most geologist
a substance must meet the 5 requirements
1. Naturally Occurring – means that it is not produce
by people
2. Inorganic – means that the substance is not made by an
organism
3. Solid –means that it is not liquid or gas at the standard
temperature and pressure
 
4. Definite chemicals composition –means that all
occurrences of that minerals have a chemical composition
that varies within a specific limited range
5. Ordered internal structure – means that the atom in a
mineral are arranged in a system and repeating pattern
 HOW MINERALS
IDENTIFIED ?

 The physical properties of minerals are related to their
chemical composition and bonding .These physical
characteristic includes color and
streak ,luster ,hardness ,density and specific
gravity ,crystal habit cleavage and
fracture ,diaphaneity
 HOW MINERALS
IDENTIFIED

 Mineralogists are scientist who study minerals .one of the
things mineralogist must do is to identify and categorized
minerals /While a mineralogist might use a high-powered
microscope to identify some minerals most are
recognizable using physical properties .
 
 The word “rock “ refers to the solid mass of the
lithosphere . A rock is naturally occurring solid mixture of
one or more different mineral and otheer organic matter
 The science that is concerned with the study of rocks is
called Petrology.
 But how rocks differ from another ?
 
THE THREE MAIN
CATEGORIES OF ROCK
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rock got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire .The parent material of
igneous rocks is usually magma , a molten material from deep within the earth that cools and
hardens .This is an exothermic process (meaning heat is liberated ) and involves a change of
phase from the liquid to solid state .
 TEXTURE

 Texture relates to the general appearance of an igneous
rock.
 Texture relates to the general appearance of an igneous
rock.
 These crystal are actually minerals .Usually the slower the
rate of cooling ,the larger the crystal found on the rock
resulting in a coarse-grained igneous rock .
 TEXTURE

 On the other hand the faster the rate of cooling the
smaller the crystals the crystals are and resulting into fine
grained igneous rock
 B. COMPOSITION

The composition refers to the elements in the magma that
directly affects the kind of mineral that formed when the
magma cools .The composition of igneous is directly related
where the magma is formed .Magmas associated with crustal
compression spreading are generally mafic while magmas
associated with crustal compression and subduction are
termed felsic
 TYPES OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS

Igneous rocks may be classified into two groups according to
where the magma solidifies
A.IGNEOUS
INTRUSIVE OR
PLUTONIC IGNEOUS
Some magmas rise and flow into the
cracks inn the crust but do not reach
the surface instead they hardens
deep in the crust .they called
Igneous intrusive rocks .Igneous
rocks is cools slowly because of the
other rocks temperature .these rocks
take million or thousand years to
cool down .Large crystal can be seen
in the igneous rocks
GRANITE
One of most important rock in the crust
.it is also most common rock
type .granite is a light colored and
coarse grained rock .It is compose of
mainly a mixture of several kind of
material which is silicon dioxide,
feldspar and mica .Granite is being use
on making statues and countertops in
modern society
GABBRO
it is a dark colored igneous rock often
called “black granite ‘.Its dark color is
due to a high content of iron and
magnesium but with lower content of
quartz
B. IGNEOUS
EXTRUSIVE ALSO
KNOWN AS
VOLCANIC IGNEOUS
Sometimes magma may reach in the
surface or erupt onto the surface from
the volcanoes .When the lava goes into
the surface the lava solidifies quickly
when it is expose to the atmosphere or
into the water .the rapid rate of cooling
gives a very little opportunity to have
big crystal which impossible to see
without magnification .Other igneous
extrusive has no crystal at all so they
become a fertile in surrounding areas
 
MOST COMMON
EXAMPLE OF IGNEOUS
EXTRUSIVE
BASALT
Is a dark colored hard, rock that is high
with specific gravity .This is due to
high content of iron and magnesium
and some feldspar as well
OBSIDIAN
Is formed in lava it is also dark with
pointy and sharp edges . Obsidian has
no crystal .Obsidian were use during
the early stage of mankind ,they used
for weapon and tools
PUMICE

It is characterize by the many air

hole .This is because of the gas that
are trapped in the rock during the
cooling process leaving a tiny hole on
the rock .pumice is low density that can
float on water . This rock use for
grinding ,scrubbing and polishing
SCORIA
Is formed in the same manner as
pumice but it has a larger hole and is
much denser and darker in color
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 When igneous rocks are exposed at the surface they began
to wear away .they are altered either by physical or
chemical weathering process. The heat and the rainwater
may fill and destroy the igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks
are formed
 Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are formed by
accumulation ,decomposition and solidification of
sediment
 When all of the particles is at the bottom of sea the rocks
hardens
 
THREE MAIN TYPES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASTIC
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Are derived from mechanical
weathering which involve the
breakdown of rock into smaller
ones at the surface of the
crust ,accumulate as clast ,piled on
the top of one another and “lithified
“
• Example off clastic is
breccia ,congloment ,sandstone and
siltstone
CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Form when dissolved materials
precipitate .Precipitation is the
process of separating a solid
substance from liquid

• Example of chemical sedimentary

is chert ,rock salt ,flint and
limestone
ORGANIC
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Are formed by accumulated
sedimentary debris caused by
organic process .These are the rock
that may contain fossils of plants
and animals trapped in the
sediments as the rock was formed
• Example of organic sedimentary
rocks is chalk and coal
 

METAMORPHIC ROCK
 WHAT IS METAMORPHIC
ROCK

 These rocks come from igneous rocks ,sedimentary rocks
or even in metamorphic rocks .when a rock subject to high
temperature ,high pressure and chemically active fluid ,it
becomes unstable and began to re- crystalize
 
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
 A.NON – FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC
 ROCKS
 These rocks formed around igneous intrusive .When the
rocks are heated by the intrusion it results in
recrystallization of the mineral within the rock .The
heated rock becomes a new rock
 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks, which do not have a
layered or banded appearance.
 EXAMPLE OF NON -
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC

ROCKS

MARBLE –limestone is the QUARTZITE – is derive from

mother rock of marble. It is use sandstone that is why it looks
to make building ,sculpture and like a sandstone .IT is very
monuments hard and durable
 B.FOLIATED
METAMPHOSIS
 ROCKS
• These are metamorphic rocks formed within the earths
interior under extremely high temperature and unequal
pressure
• The unequal pressure is due to the difference of pressure
in one area against any other area
 EXAMPLE OF FOLIATED
METAMORPIC
 ROCKS
 Slate is a gray color that is
made of the mineral quartz
and muscovite along with
hematite ,biotite and pyrite
 It is used for roof as a tile or
writing slate and blckboard
 Serpentine is used for both
mineral and metamorphic rock.
It originate from basalt .It
varies from light green to dark
green with veins and
fractures .Usually used for
table tops and flooring
 TYPES OF
METAMORPHISM

 Contact metamorphism describes the type of
metamorphism attributed to increased temperature, usually
from proximity to a heat source such as an intrusive
magma body or a lava flow, and the rock undergoes
thermal metamorphism.
 Regional metamorphism is a type of rock transformation
that happens deep in the Earth's crust, where temperature
and pressure are high.
 ROCK CYCLE

 The rock cycle is a natural geological process that describes how rocks on
Earth transform and change over time. It involves three main types of rocks:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

 1. *Igneous Rocks*: The cycle begins with the formation of igneous rocks
through the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. These rocks
can be found both below the Earth's surface (intrusive) and on the surface
(extrusive).

 2. *Sedimentary Rocks*: Over time, igneous rocks exposed to weathering and

erosion break down into sediments like sand, silt, and clay. These sediments
are transported by water, wind, or ice and eventually accumulate in layers.
Through compaction and cementation, these layers become sedimentary
rocks. Examples include sandstone, shale, and limestone.
 ROCK CYCLE

 3. *Metamorphic Rocks*: When existing rocks, whether igneous,
sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks, are subjected to intense
heat and pressure beneath the Earth's surface, they undergo
metamorphism. This process causes the minerals and textures of the
rocks to change, resulting in the formation of metamorphic rocks
like marble from limestone or schist from shale.
 The cycle is not strictly linear; rocks can change from one type to
another depending on geological forces and conditions. Weathering,
erosion, heat, pressure, and geological events like plate tectonics
play crucial roles in driving the rock cycle. It's a continuous and
dynamic process that can take millions of years to complete, and it
helps shape the Earth's surface and geology
ROCK CYCLE

 INVESTIGATION
MINERALS THAT MAKE

UP ROCKS
 Rocks are mixture of different minerals .some rocks are
made up of many minerals while other are made just one
mineral
 Minerals are naturally occurring homogenous inorganic
solid substance ,having definite chemical composition and
characteristic crystalline structure or shape, color and
hardness
 COLOR

 Minerals can be different colors depending on how they
are formed .It is the most obvious property but not only
definite
 LUSTER

 Luster is the way light interacts with the surface of the
crystal or mineral .
 The wword traces its origin back in latin word ‘lux’ which
means light and generally light
 Minerals have their own way to reflect light
 STREAK

 Streak refers to the color displayed in finely powdered
from left behind when rub on the surface .
 The streak may be different from color of the mineral
itself
 One of the simplest ways in determine the streak is the
streak test
 HARDNESS

 This refers to the resistance of mineral to scratching .
 Hardness is measure of the bonding strength between
atoms .
 If these bonds are strong the minerals is not easily scratch
 We determine the relative hardness of minerals using a
scale devised by Friedrich Mohs
 MOH’S HARDNESS
SCALE

1 TALC
2 GYPSUM
3 CALCITE
4 FLORITE
5 APATITE
6 ORTHOSCLASE
7 QUARTZ
9 CORUNDUM
10 DIAMOND
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 The specific gravity of mineral refers to the mass of the
mineral compared to the mass of equal volume of water
 The specific gravity tell you how many mineral is heavier
than water
 Specific numerically equal to the density in g/cm3
CLEAVAGE OR FRACTURE

 Cleavage is how smoothly the minerals break .
 If the minerals break apart in similar piece ,it is said to
have a good cleavage .
 And if it breaks like a glass of water with uneven ,jagger
edger it is classified as fractured
 
THANK YOU
 GROUP 7

 Stephanie Marie Baldres
 Angela Jane Balunso
 Kathleen Banico
 Eugene Murillio
 Dan Patrick Libunao
 Margarita Sababan