Lecture 26

Lecture 26 – Footings
August 8, 2003
CVEN444
Lecture Goals
Footing Classification
Footing Design
Footing Examples
Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
Distribution of Soil Pressure
When the column load P is
applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.
Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil. cohesive soil.
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight 
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
Pu
qu 
area of footing
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
 4 

Vc   2   f c b0 d ACI 11-35
 c 
where, c = long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
b0 = length of critical perimeter around the
column
When  > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.

Design of two-way shear
1. Assume d.
2. Determine b0.
b0 = 4(c+d) for square columns
where one side = c
b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
3. The shear force Vu acts at a
section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu  Pu  qu  c  d  for square columns
2
Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular columns

4. Allowable Vc  4 f c b0 d
Let Vu=Vc
Vu
d
4 f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
Design of one-way shear
For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column
Vc  2 f c b0 d
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
L c 
Vu  qu b   d 
 
2 2 
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = Vc
Vu
d
2 f c b
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
Mu
As 
 a 
f y  d  
 2
reinforcement
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required  . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
f y As
a
0.85 f c b
reinforcement
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.
reinforcement
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
Reinforcement in band width 2

Total reinforcement in short direction  1
where long side of footing


short side of footing
Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the
base of the column, on an area equal to area of the
column cross-section. Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the
concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by
reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.
Base
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column
must not exceed the bearing strength of the concrete
N1   0.85 f c A1 
where  = 0.65 and

A1 =bearing area of column
Base
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor A2 / A1  2.0 for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area.
The modified bearing
strength
N 2   0.85 f c A1  A2 / A1
N 2  2 0.85 f c A1 
Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio  = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to  = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given
ld  0.02 f y d b / fc
but not less than

0.003 f y d b  8 in.
Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

length.
Differential Settlement
Footing usually support the following loads:
1. Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure
2. Live load resulting from material or occupancy
3. Weight of material used in back filling
4. Wind loads
General Requirements for Footing
Design
1. A site investigation is required to determine the
chemical and physical properties of the soil.
2. Determine the magnitude and distribution of
loads form the superstructure.
3. Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the
total and differential settlements of the structure.
Design
4. Determine the most suitable and economic type
of foundation.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the
ground level and the method of excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be
used in design.
Design
7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the
footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.
Example – Wall
Design a plain concrete footing to support a 16 in.
thick concrete wall. The load on the wall consist of
16 k/ft dead load (including the self-weight of wall)
and a 10 k/ft live load the base of the footing is 4 ft
below final grade. fc = 3 ksi and the allowable soil
pressure = 5 k/ft2
Example - Wall
Assume a depth of footing. (1.5 ft or 18 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc   d  150 lb/ft *18 in. *
3
12 in.
 225 lb/ft 2
 1 ft. 
Ws   s ds  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  18 in. *
3

 12 in. 
 250 lb/ft 2
Example - Wall
The effective soil pressure is given as:
qeff  qs  Wc  Ws
 5000 lb/ft  225 lb/ft  250 lb/ft
2 2 2
 4525 lb/ft 2  4.525 k/ft 2

Example - Wall
Calculate the size of the footing for 1-ft of wall:
Actual Loads  DL  LL  16 k/ft  10 k/ft

 26 k/ft
26 k/ft
Width of footing  2
 5.75 ft
4.525 k/ft
 Use 6 ft
Example – Wall
Calculate net upward pressure:
Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

 1.2 16 k/ft   1.6 10 k/ft 
 35.2 k/ft
35.2 k/ft
Net upward pressure qn   5.87 k / ft 2
6 ft
Example – Wall
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
d  h  cover  1.5d b
d  18 in.  3 in  1.5 1.0 in 
 13.5 in.
Example – Wall
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
  1 ft  
 16 in  
L c   6 ft  12 in   1 ft  
  d    13.5 in  
 2 2   2 2  12 in 
 
 
 1.21 ft
L c 
Vu  qn l2     d 
2 2 
 5.87 k/ft 2 1 ft 1.21 ft   7.1 k
Example – Wall
one-way shear
 1000 lb 
7.1 k  
Vu  1k 
d 
 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75  2 3000 1 ft  
   1 ft   
 7.2 in.
The footing is 13.5 in. > 7.2 in. so it will work.

Example – Wall
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the wall
  1 ft  
 16 in  
 L c   6 ft  12 in    2.33 ft
    
 2 2  2 2 
 
 
L c
  
 L c  2 2
b  5.87 k/ft  2.33 ft 
 2.33 ft 
M u  qn    2
1 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 15.98 k-ft
Example – Wall
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.
 12 in. 
15.98 k-ft *  
Mu  1 ft   0.0877 ksi
Ru  2 
12 in. * 13.5 in 
2
bd
Example – Wall
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
1.7 Ru
Ru   f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
 fc
  0.0877 ksi  
1.7  1.7   4 1.7 
2
 
  0.9 3 ksi   

  0.03312
2
 fy 0.03312 3 ksi 
 0.03312     0.00166
fc 60 ksi
Example – Wall
Compute the area of steel needed
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.00166 1 ft     2
13.5 in. 0.27 in
  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018 12 in.18 in.  0.389 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200  200 
As  bd   12 in. 13.5 in.   0.54 in 2
 Use
fy  60000 
Example – Wall
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As 0.54 in 2
n  2
 0.9  Use 1 bars/ ft
Ab 0.60 in
Example – Wall
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the wall, 16 in x 12 in.,  0.65
N1    0.85 f c A1   0.65  0.85 3 ksi 16 in 12 in 
 318.2 k
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
Example – Wall
A2   6 ft 1 ft   6 ft 2
  1 ft  
A1  16 in   1 ft   1.33 ft 2
  12 in.  
A2 6 ft 2
 2
 4.5  2
A1 1.33 ft
 N 2  2 N1  2 318.2 k   636.4 k
Example – Wall
Pu =35.2 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1  0.005* 16 in 12 in   0.92 in 2
Use minimum number of bars is 2, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.
Example – Wall
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
0.02d b f y 0.02  0.875 in  60000 psi 
ld  
fc 3000 psi
 19.17 in  Use 20 in
The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is
ld  0.0003d b f y  0.0003  0.875 in. 60000 psi 

 15.75 in.  8 in.
Example – Wall
Therefore, use 4#7 dowels in the corners of

the column extending 20 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 15.75 in., which is sufficient
development length.
Example – Wall
The development length, ld for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
ld fy f y db
  ld 
d b 20 f c 20 f c

 60000 psi  0.875 in 
 47.9 in
20 3000 psi
There is not adequate development length provided
need to design a hook.
L c 72 in. 16 in.
ld   cover    3 in.   25 in.
2 2 2 2
Example – Square Footing
Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  24 in. *
3   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2
Calculate the size of the footing:
Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

445 k
Area of footing   98.9 ft 2
2
4.5 k/ft
Side of footing  9.94 ft  Use 10 ft

 1.2245 k   1.6200 k   614 k
614 k
100 ft 2
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
bo  4c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.   3.125 ft
 
 12 in 
Example –Square Footing
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 614 k  6.14 k/ft 3.125 ft 

2 2
 554 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
 1
10 ft
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
 c 
 d 
Vc   s  2  f c b0 d
s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
and 20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
two way shear
 1000 lb 
554 k  
Vu  1k 
d 

 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 150 in  
 19.47 in.
The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
 = 40
Vu
d
 40d 
   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
554 k  
 1k 
  10.81 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.75  
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
  1 ft  
 18 in   
L c   10 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in  
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 2.625 ft
L c 
Vu  qn l2    d 
2 2 
 6.14 k/ft 2 10 ft 2.625 ft   161.2 k
one-way shear
 1000 lb 
161.2 k  
Vu  1k 
d 
 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 4000 10 ft    
   1 ft   
 14.2 in.

edge of the column
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   10 ft  
     12 in    4.25 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c  2 2
M u  qn    b  6.14 k/ft 4.25 ft 
4.25 ft 
10 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 554.5 k - ft
 12 in. 
554.5 k - ft *  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2 
bd 120 in * 19.5 in 2
 0.1458 ksi
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  0.1458 ksi  
1.7  1.7   41.7  
2
  0.94 ksi   
  0.04152
2
 fy 0.041524 ksi 
 0.04152     0.00277
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.0027710 ft  19.5 in.  6.48 in 2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018120 in.24 in.  5.18 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.8 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
need
As 7.8 in 2
n   13  Use 13 bars
Ab 0.60 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars
L  2 * cover 120 in - 23 in 

s   9.5 in
n  1 12
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in.,  0.65
 
N1   0.85 f c A1   0.65 0.854 ksi 18 in   716 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
A2  10 ft   100 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  
A1  18 in     2.25 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
A2 100 ft 2
 2
 6.67  2  N 2  2 N1  2716 k   1432 k
A1 2.25 ft
Pu =614 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
0.005 A1  0.005 * 18 in   1.62 in 2

2

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi
ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00031 in 60000 psi   18 in  8 in


development length.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 0.875 in 
 41.5 in
d b 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi
There is adequate development length provided.
L c 120 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   48 in
2 2 2 2
Final Design
Example – Restricted Footing
Design a footing to support a 18 in. square column

tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9 bars.
The column carries an unfactored axial dead load
of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The base
of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 3 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi. Limit one side of the footing to 8.5 ft.
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The

1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  24 in. *
3   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2

445 k
Area of footing  2
 98.9 ft 2
4.5 k/ft
98.9 ft 2
Side of footing   11 .64 ft  Use 12 ft
8.5 ft

 1.2245 k   1.6200 k 
 614 k
614 k
Net upward pressure qn 
8.5 ft 12 ft 
 6.02 k / ft 2
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using the one-way shear (long direction)
  1 ft  
 18 in   
L c   12 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in  
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 3.625 ft
Vu =135.5 k in
L c  short direction
Vu  qn l2    d 
2 2 
 6.02 k/ft 2 8.5 ft 3.625 ft   185.5 k
one-way shear design
 1000 lb 
185.5 k  
Vu  1k 
d 
 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 4000  8.5 ft    
   1 ft   
 19.2 in.

square.
bo  4c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.   3.125 ft
 
 12 in 
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 614 k  6.02 k/ft 3.125 ft   555.2 k

2 2
The shape parameter
12 ft
  1.41
8.5 ft
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
 c 
 d 
Vc   s  2  f c b0 d
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
 1000 lb 
555.2 k  
Vu  1k 
d 
 4  4  
  2   f c b0 0.75  2   4000 150 in 
    1.41  
 16.13 in.
The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the
 = 40 V
d u
 40d 
   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
555.2 k  
  1k 
 4019.5 in  
0.75  
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
 10.84 in.
the two way shear
 1000 lb 
555.2 k  
Vu  1k 
d   19.5 in.

 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 150 in  
edge of the column (long direction)
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   12 ft  
     12 in    5.25 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L
M u  qn   
c  2 2
b  6.02 k/ft 5.25 ft 
5.25 ft 
8.5 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 705.2 k - ft
 12 in. 
705.2 k - ft *  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2 
bd   12 in  
  * 19.5 in 
2
 8.5 ft
  1 ft  
 0.2182 ksi
Use the Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  0.2182 ksi  
1.7  1.7   41.7  
2
  0.94 ksi   
  0.06294
2
 fy 0.062944 ksi 
 0.06294     0.004196
fc 60 ksi
Compute the amount of steel needed
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.004196 8.5 ft   19. 5 in.  8.35 in 2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018102 in.24 in.  4.41 in 2
200  200 
As  bd  



  
102 in. 19.5 in.  6.63 in 2
fy  60000 
Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars need
As 9.33 in 2
n   11 .8  Use 12 bars
Ab 0.79 in 2
L  2 * cover 102 in - 23 in 

s   8.73 in
n  1 11
edge of the column for short length
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   8.5 ft  
     12 in    3.5 ft
 
 2 2  2 2 
 
 
L c
  
 L
M u  qn   
c  2 2
b  6.02 k/ft 3.5 ft 
3.5 ft 
12 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 442.5 k - ft
 12 in. 
442.5 k - ft *  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2   0.0970 ksi
bd   12 in  
  * 19.5 in 
2
12 ft
  1 ft  
Use Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  0.0970 ksi  
1.7  1.7   41.7  
2
  0.94 ksi   
  0.0274
2
 fy 0.02744 ksi 
 0.0274     0.00183
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.0018312 ft  19. 5 in.  5.12 in 2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018144 in.24 in.  6.22 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   144 in.19.5 in.  9.36 in 2
 
fy  60000 
Use As =9.36 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
As 9.36 in 2
n   21.3  Use 22 bars
Ab 0.44 in 2
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
 Reinforcement in bandwidth 
   2  2  0.83
 
 Total reinforcement    1 1.41  1
The number of bars in the 8.5 ft band is 0.83(22)=19 bars .
Total # bars - band bars
outside # bar 
2
22  19
  1.5  Use 2 bars
2
So place 19 bars in 8.5 ft section and 2 bars in each in
(12ft -8.5ft)/2 =1.75 ft of the band.
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 8.5 ft
L 102 in
s   5.67 in
n  1 18
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band
L  cover 21 in - 3in
s   9 in
n 2
 
N1   0.85 f c A1   0.65 0.854 ksi 18 in   716 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
A2  8.5 ft 12 ft   102 ft 2
2
  1 ft  
A1  18 in     2.25 ft
2
  12 in.  
A2 102 ft 2
 2
 6.74  2  N 2  2 N1  2716 k   1432 k
A1 2.25 ft
0.005 A1  0.005 * 18 in   1.62 in 2
2

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi


development length.
The development length, ld for the #8 bars
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 1.0 in 
 47.4 in
db 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi

L c 144 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   60 in
2 2 2 2
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi0.75 in 
 28.5 in
db 25 f c 25 f c 25 4000 psi
L c 102 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   39 in
2 2 2 2
- Final design
23 #6 12 #8
Example – Multi-Column Footing
Design a rectangular footing to support two square
columns. The exterior column (I) has a section 16 x
16 in., which carries DL of 180 k and a LL of 120 k.
The interior column (II) has a section of 20 x 20 in.,
which carries a DL of 250 k
and a LL of 140 k. The base of
the footing is 5 ft. below final
grade and allowable soil
pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi The external
column is located 2 ft from the
property line.
Determine the location of an equivalent point and
its location select the datum at column I
x
 xF i i

16 ft 250 k  140 k   0 ft 180 k  120 k 
F i 250 k  140 k   180 k  120 k 

 9.04 ft.  Use 9 ft.
Extend the footing up to the property line, so the length

is l = 9 ft + 2 ft. = 11 ft. So the length of the footing is
2(11 ft.) = 22 ft.
Assume a depth of footing. (36 in.) The weight

of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 36 in. *
3
 450 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
3 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft * 5 ft  36 in. *   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 5000 lb/ft 2  450 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4350 lb/ft 2  4.35 k/ft 2
Total Loads  AL1  AL2  390 k  300 k  690 k
690 k
4.35 k/ft 2
158.6 ft 2
Side of footing   7.21 ft  Use 7.5 ft
22 ft
 1.4180 k   1.7120 k 
 1.4250 k   1.7140 k 
 456 k  588 k
 1044 k
1044 k
22 ft 7.5 ft 

d  36 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 31.5 in.
Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
Shear Forces
V  x   qb  x   w
400
358.7 k  6.32 k/ft 2  7.5 ft  x  w
300
 47.454 k/ft  x   w
200
63.3 k
Force (kips)
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 The columns are
-100
-200 -150.3 k considered point loads

-300
but shear values are
-329.5 k
-400 taken at each side of the
location (ft) column.
The location of the maximum moment is
 1 ft   1 ft 
16 ft  8 in    10 in    14.5 ft
   
 12 in   12 in 
329.5 k
x 14.5 ft   6.9 ft
329.5 k  358.7 k
Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
x2
Bending Moment M  x   qb  wi  x  xi 
2
400 x2
249.9 k-ft  6.32 k/ft  7.5 ft   wi  x  xi 
2
200 42.2 k-ft 2

x2
 47.454 k/ft  wi  x  xi 
Bending Moment (k-ft)
0
-200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2
-400
-600
The columns are
-800 considered point loads
-1000 but moments are taken
-1200 -1278.9 k-ft @ 9.61 ft at each side of the
-1400
Location (ft) column. It will not
balance because center
is at 9.04 ft
The maximum shear force occurs at the edge of
the 20 in. column. So maximum shear is measured
at distance d from the column.
  1 ft  
Vmax  qd   358.7 k  47.454 k/ft 31.5 in  
  
  12 in  
 234.1 k
one-way shear
 1000 lb 
234.1 k  
Vu  
d   1k   24.2 in.
 2 fc b    12 in  
0.85 2 4000  7.5 ft  
   
   1 ft   

square.
bo  4c  d 
 420 in.  31.5 in.  206 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  20 in.  31.5 in.   4.292 ft
 
 12 in 
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 588 k  6.70 k/ft 4.292 ft 

2 2
 464.6 k
The other column will not be critical,

Pu = 456 k for the 16 in. column
two way shear
 1000 lb 
464.6 k  
Vu  
d   1k   10.5 in.
 4 f c b0 
0.85 4 4000 206 in  
 12 in. 
1278.9 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.1719 ksi
bd 2 90 in * 31.5 in 2
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  
0 . 1719 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2
  0.94 ksi   
  
  0.04917
2
 fy 0.049174 ksi 
 0.04917     0.00328
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.00277 7.5 ft   31.5 in.  9.29 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.001890 in.36 in.  5.8 3 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   90 in.31.5 in.  9.45 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
needed A 9.45 in 2
n s   9.45  Use 10 bars
Ab 1.0 in 2
L  2 * cover 90 in - 23 in 
s   9.33 in
n  1 9
The minimum amount is steel is going to be due to the
flexural restrictions. So below the columns with
positive moment, the reinforcement will be 10 # 9 bars
running longitudinally. The development length will
have to be calculated.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 1.128 in 
 53.5 in
d b 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi
The bars have more than 12-in. of concrete below
them, therefore ld = 1.3 ld.
ld  1.353.5 in   69.6 in  Use 70 in.

To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The bandwidth of the two columns must be determined
for the 16 in. column.
 16 in  1 ft    1 ft 

Band  16 in  2 ft   31.5 in    5.3 ft  Use 5.5 ft
    
 2  12 in.    12 in. 
Compute the moment at the edge

456 k 7.5 ft  1 ft 
qnet   60.8 k/ft L  8 in    3.08 ft
7.5 ft  
2  12 in 
The bending moment will be
M u  qnet
l2
 60.8 k/ft 
3.08 ft 
2
 289.0 k - ft
2 2
Compute the Ru
 12 in. 
289 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.053 ksi
bd 2   12 in  
   * 31.5 in 
2
5.5 ft
  
  1 ft  
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  
0 . 053 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2
  0.94 ksi   
  
  0.01484
2
 fy 0.049174 ksi 
 0.01484     0.001
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.001 5.5 ft   31.5 in.  2.08 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.001866 in.36 in.  4.28 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   66 in.31.5 in.  6.93 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
needed A 6.93 in 2
n s   6.93  Use 7 bars
Ab 1.0 in 2
L  cover 66 in - 3 in 
s   10.5 in
n  1 6
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The 20-in. interior column extends beyond 4 ft from the
center therefore the band is 7.5 ft x 7.5 ft. Compute the
moment at the edge
588 k 7.5 ft  1 ft 
qnet   78.4 k/ft L  10 in    2.92 ft
7.5 ft  
2  12 in 
The bending moment will be
M u  qnet
l2
 78.4 k/ft 
2.92 ft 
2
 334.3 k - ft
2 2
Compute the Ru
 12 in. 
334.3 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.045 ksi
bd 2   12 in  
   * 31.5 in 
2
7.5 ft
  
  1 ft  
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  
0 . 045 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2
  0.94 ksi   
  
  0.01257
2
 fy 0.012574 ksi 
 0.01257     0.00084
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.00084 7.5 ft   31.5 in.  2.38 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.001890 in.36 in.  5.83 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   90 in.31.5 in.  9.45 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
 
N1   0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.854 ksi 16 in   609 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
A2  5.5 ft   30.25 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  
A1  16 in     1.78 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
A2 30.25 ft 2
  4.125  2  N 2  2 N1  2609 k   1218 k
A1 1.78 ft 2
0.005 A1  0.005 * 16 in   1.28 in 2
2

Note if the Pu > N1 the area of steel will be
As 
Pu  N1  As long as the area of
steel is greater than the
fy minimum amount.
0.02d b f y 0.020.875 in 60000 psi 

ld    16.6 in  Use 17 in
fc 4000 psi
ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00030.875 in 60000 psi   15.75 in  8 in


development length.
need As 9.45 in 2
n   9.45  Use 10 bars
Ab 1.0 in 2
L  cover 90 in - 3 in 
s   9.67 in
n  1 9
 
N1   0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.854 ksi 20 in   952 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
A2  7.5 ft   56.25 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  
A1   20 in    2.78 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
A2 56.25 ft 2
  4.5  2  N 2  2 N1  2952 k   1904 k
A1 2.78 ft 2
0.005 A1  0.005 * 20 in   2.0 in 2
2

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.7 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi


development length.
Example – Settlement
Determine the footing areas required for equal
settlement (balanced footing design) if the usual live
load is 25% for all footings. The footings are subjected
to dead loads and live loads as indicated by the table.
The net soil pressure is 6 ksf.
Footing Number
1 2 3 4 5
Dead Load (kips) 120 180 140 190 210

Live Load (kips) 150 220 200 170 240
Find the ratio of the live load to dead load, the largest
ratio will control the settlement.
Column 3 has the largest ratio.

Compute the usual loading for the footing, DL + 0.25LL
Column 3 has the largest ratio.

Determine the need area for the footing with the
largest LL/DL ratio.
DL  LL 140 k  200 k
A   56.67 ft 2
qnet 6 k/ft 2
The usual net soil pressure acting on the footing is
DL  % live load LL  140 k  0.25200 k 

qnet    3.353 k/ft 2
A 56.67 ft 2
Use the qnet (3.353 k/ft2) to determine need area for each
of the other footings to have the same settlement.
Usual Loading 157.5 k
Area    46.97 ft 2
q net 3.353 k/ft 2
Compute the qnet for each of the footings
Total Load 120 k   150 k 

q net    5 . 75 k/ft 2
New Area 46.97 ft 2

Use the qnet (3.353 k/ft2) to determine need area for each
of the other footings to have the same settlement.
Footing Number
1 2 3 4 5
Dead Load (kips) 120 180 140 190 210

Live Load (kips) 150 220 200 170 240
Ratio (LL/DL) 1.25 1.22 1.43 0.89 1.14
Usual Loading (kips) 157.5 235.0 190.0 232.5 270.0
Standard Area (ft 2) 45.00 66.67 56.67 60.00 75.00
New Area(ft 2) 46.97 70.09 56.67 69.34 80.53
New qnet 5.75 5.71 6.00 5.19 5.59

Example – Combined Loading
A 12-in. x 24 in. column of an unsymmetrical shed is
subjected to an axial load PD of 220 k and MD = 180 k-ft
due to dead load and an an axial load PL = 165 k and a
moment ML= 140 k-ft due to
live load. The base of the
footing is 5 ft below final
grade, and the allowable soil
bearing pressure is 5 k/ft2.
Design the footing using
fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Find the combined actual loads, P0 and M0
P0  PDL  PLL  220 k  165 k  385 k
M 0  M DL  M LL  180 k - ft  140 k - ft  320 k - ft
Determine the eccentricity of the footing
 12 in 
320 k - ft  
M0  
e   1 ft   9.97 in  Use 10 in.
P0 385 k
Assume a depth of footing, 24 in. The weight of

concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
3 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft * 5 ft  24 in. *   300 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2
 4400 lb/ft 2  4.4 k/ft 2
Actual Loads  DL  LL  385 k
385 k
2
4.4 k/ft
Compute the sizes of the footing if width is 9 ft.
87.5 ft 2
Side of footing   9.72 ft  Use 10 ft
9 ft
Use the long section and place the column 10 in.
off-center for the 10 ft segment

 1.2220 k   1.6165 k 
 528.0 k
528.0 k
Net upward pressure qn 
9 ft 10 ft 
 5.87 k / ft 2

d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using the
one-way shear (long direction)
  1 ft  
 24 in   
L c   10 ft    1 ft   1 ft  
  de    12 in   19.5 in    10 in  
   2    
2 2  2  12 in   12 in  
 
 
 3.208 ft
Vu =139.4 k in
L c 
Vu  qn l2    d  e  short direction
2 2 
 5.87 k/ft 2 9 ft 3.208 ft   169.4 k
one-way shear design
 1000 lb 
169.4 k  
Vu  1k 
d   16.53 in.
 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 4000  9 ft    
   1 ft   

Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or punch out
shear. The column is 12 in. x 24 in.
bo  2c1  d   2c2  d 
 212 in.  19.5 in.  224 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c1  d  12 in.  19.5 in.   2.625 ft
 
 12 in 
 1 ft 
c2  d  24 in.  19.5 in.   3.625 ft
 
 12 in 

Vu  Pu  qn c  d 2
 528.0 k  5.87 k/ft 2 2.625 ft 3.625 ft 

 472.2 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
  1.11
9 ft
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
 c 
 d 
Vc   s  2  f c b0 d
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
 1000 lb 
472.2 k  
Vu  1k 
d 
 4  4  
  2   f c b0 0.75  2   4000 150 in 
    1.11  
 11 .84 in.
The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the
 = 40
Vu
d
 40d 
   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
472.2 k  
  1k   9.22 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.75  
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
the two way shear
 1000 lb 
472.2 k  
Vu  1k 
d 

 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 150 in  
 16.59 in.
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)
  1 ft  
 24 in  
L c  10 ft    1 ft 
  e    12 in    10 in    4.83 ft
     
 2 2 2 2  12 in 
 
 
L c 
   e
L c  2 2 
M u  qn    e   b
2 2  2
 5.87 k/ft 4.83 ft 

4.83 ft 
9 ft   616.2 k - ft
2
 12 in. 
616.2 k - ft *  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2   0.1801 ksi
bd   12 in  
 9 ft    * 19. 5 in 2
  1 ft  
Use the Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c
  0.1801 ksi  
1.7  1.7   41.7  
2
  0.94 ksi   
  0.05158
2
 fy 0.051584 ksi 
 0.05158     0.00344
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.00344 9 ft   19 .5 in.  7.24 in 2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018108 in.24 in.  4.67 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   108 in.19.5 in.  7.02 in 2
 
fy  60000 
Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars need
As 8.1 in 2
n   10.25  Use 11 bars
Ab 0.79 in 2
L  2 * cover 108 in - 23 in 

s   10.2 in
n  1 10
edge of the column for short length
  1 ft  
 12 in  
 L c   9 ft  
     12 in    4 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c  2 2
M u  qn    b  5.87 k/ft4 ft 
4 ft 
10 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 469.6 k - ft
 12 in. 
469.6 k - ft *  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2 
bd   12 in  
  * 19.5 in 
2
10 ft 
  1 ft  
 0.1235 ksi
Use Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7  0
f c
1 .7  1.7 2  41.7 0.1235 ksi  

  4 ksi  
  0.03503
2
 fy 0.035034 ksi 
 0.03503     0.00234
fc 60 ksi
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.0023410 ft  19.5 in.  5. 46 in 2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018120 in.24 in.  5.18 in 2
200  200 
As  bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.80 in 2
 
fy  60000 
Use As =9.36 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
As 7.80 in 2
n   17.7  Use 18 bars
Ab 0.44 in 2
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
 Reinforcement in bandwidth 
   2  2  0.947
 
 Total reinforcement    1 1.11  1
The number of bars in the 9 ft band is 0.947(18)=17 bars .
Total # bars - band bars

outside # bar 
2
18  17
  0.5  Use 1 bars
2
So place 17 bars in 9 ft section and 1 bars in each in

(10ft - 9ft)/2 =0.5 ft of the band.
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 9 ft
L 108 in
s   6.75 in
n  1 16
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band

L  cover 6 in - 3in
s   3 in
n 1
N1   0.85 f c A1   0.650.854 ksi 12 in 24 in   636.5 k
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
A2  9 ft 10 ft   90 ft 2
  1 ft    1 ft  
A1  12 in    24 in     2 ft 2
     
  12 in.    12 in.  
A2 90 ft 2
 2
 6.71  2  N 2  2 N1  2636.5 k   1273 k
A1 2 ft
0.005 A1  0.005 * 12 in 24 in   1.44 in 2

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi


development length.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 1.0 in 
 47.4 in
db 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi

L c 144 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   60 in
2 2 2 2
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi0.75 in 
 28.5 in
db 25 f c 25 f c 25 4000 psi
L c 102 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   39 in
2 2 2 2

Lecture 26

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Lecture 26

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Lecture 26 – Footings

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

When  > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.

Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular columns

where long side of footing

where  = 0.65 and

but not less than

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

 4525 lb/ft 2  4.525 k/ft 2

Actual Loads  DL  LL  16 k/ft  10 k/ft

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

The footing is 13.5 in. > 7.2 in. so it will work.

Use minimum number of bars is 2, so use 4 # 8 bars

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.0003  0.875 in. 60000 psi 

Therefore, use 4#7 dowels in the corners of

Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

 614 k  6.14 k/ft 3.125 ft 

The footing is 19.5 in. > 14.2 in. so it will work.

L  2 * cover 120 in - 23 in 

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

0.005 A1  0.005 * 18 in   1.62 in 2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00031 in 60000 psi   18 in  8 in

Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

Design a footing to support a 18 in. square column

Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The

The effective soil pressure is given as:

Calculate the size of the footing:

Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

The footing is 19.5 in. > 19.2 in. so it will work.

 614 k  6.02 k/ft 3.125 ft   555.2 k

The shape parameter

L  2 * cover 102 in - 23 in 

Determine the spacing between bars outside the band

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00031 in 60000 psi   18 in  8 in

Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

There is adequate development length provided.

There is adequate development length provided.

F i 250 k  140 k   180 k  120 k 

Extend the footing up to the property line, so the length

Assume a depth of footing. (36 in.) The weight

The effective soil pressure is given as:

Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars

-200 -150.3 k considered point loads

200 42.2 k-ft 2

The footing is 31.5 in. > 24.2 in. so it will work.

 588 k  6.70 k/ft 4.292 ft 

The other column will not be critical,

ld  1.353.5 in   69.6 in  Use 70 in.

Compute the moment at the edge

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 7 bars

0.02d b f y 0.020.875 in 60000 psi 

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00030.875 in 60000 psi   15.75 in  8 in