Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Minggu 4
Minggu 4
Minggu 4
Pemilu di Indonesia
Apa Partai Politik Itu?
• Kata partai (party), menurut Susan E. Scarrow
(2006) berasal dari bahasa Latin partir yang
berarti membagi (to divide). Kata ini banyak
digunakan di Eropa pada abad ke-18.
• Kata itu, cenderung bermakna negatif, setara
dengan kata ‘faction’, yang merujuk pada
adanya perbedaan-perbedaan.
• Pada abad ke-19, istilah itu menjadi bermakna
lebih positif, ketika terdapat perubahan-
perubahan politik di Eropa.
• Perubahan-perubahan itu menurut Susan E
Scarrow adalah karena adanya: ‘the transfer
of political power to legislatures, and the
expansion of the electorate.’
• Perubahan-perubahan ini memunculkan apa
yang disebut parlemen dan mekanisme yang
memungkinkan orang-orang yang akan duduk
di dalam parlemen itu.
• Partai politik muncul dari perubahan-
perubahan politik seperti itu.
Batasan Partai Politik
• Anthony Downs (1957): ‘In the broadest sense, a
political party is a coalition of men seeking to
control the governing apparatus by legal means.
By coalition, we mean a group of individuals who
have certain ends in common and cooperate with
each other to achieve them. By governing
apparatus, we mean the physical, legal, and
institutional equipment which the government
uses to carry out its specialized role in the division
of labor. By legal means, we mean either duly
constituted or legitimate influence.’
• Leon D. Epstein (1980): ‘[What] is meant by a
political party [is] any group, however loosely
organized, seeking to elect government
officeholders under a given label.’
• John Aldrich (1995): ‘Political parties can be
seen as coalitions of elites to capture and use
political office. [But] a political party is more
than a coalition. A political party is an
institutionalized coalition, one that has
adopted rules, norms, and procedures’
• ‘A group of people that is organised for the purpose
of winning government power, by electoral or other
means’ (Andew Heywood 1997: 230).
• Partai, dalam pandangan Andew Heywood, berbeda
dengan kelompok-kelompok lain karena:
Partai berusaha memperoleh kekuasaan di
pemerintahan melalui persaingan di dalam
memperebutkan jabatan-jabaan publik;
Partai merupakan organisasi formal;
Partai mengadopsi isu-isu luas;
Partai memiliki ideologi tertentu.
Fungsi Partai Politik
Representation
Elite formation and recruitment
Goal formulation
Interest articulation and aggregation
Socialization and mobilization
Organization of government
Fungsi Partai (Kristina Weissenbach, 2010)
Fungsi Partai (Kristina Weissenbach, 2010)