CHAPTER 3

QUANTUM
PHYSICS
TOPIC II
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss on :
De Broglie Wavelength
Electron Diffraction
X-Ray
Laser
3.1 Wave Particle Duality
wave-particle duality holds that light and matter
exhibit properties of both waves and of particles.
A central concept of quantum mechanics, duality
addresses the inadequacy of conventional
concepts like "particle" and "wave" to
meaningfully describe the behavior of quantum
objects
 All objects have both wave and particle nature
3.2 De Broglie Wavelength
Example 1
Example 2
3.3 Diffraction Of Electron
1927 : CJ Davission & L.H Germer
Carried out electron diffraction experiment to prove
the Broglie relationship
A graphite film is used as a target
A beam of accelerated electrons strikes on a layer
of graphite which is extremely thin and a
diffraction pattern is seen on the tube face as
shown in figure below
Example 3
Exercise 1
3.4.1 X-Ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from
0.001 to 10 nanometers.
X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV
rays and typically longer than those of
gamma rays.
 3.4.2 Characteristic X-Rays
Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-
shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an
atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is
"characteristic" to each element.
Characteristic X-rays are produced when an element
is bombarded with high-energy particles, which can
be photons, electrons or ions (such as protons).
X-rays are formed by ionization of inner shell
electrons that being ejected and an outer shell
electron replaces it
The energy difference is released as an X-ray
Each element has a unique set of energy levels,
and thus the transition from higher to lower
energy levels produces X-rays with frequencies
that are characteristic to each element.
When an electron falls from the L shell to the K
shell, the X-ray emitted is called a K-alpha X-ray.
Similarly, when an electron falls from the M shell
to the K shell, the X-ray emitted is called a K-beta
X-ray.
3.4.3 Uses of X-ray
In medicine
X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have
been used for medical imaging.
It also as a treatment is known as radiation
therapy and is largely used for the management
of cancer.
In industry
Industrial radiography uses X-rays for inspection of
industrial parts, particularly welds.
X-ray is used for authentication and quality control
of packaged items.
 In painting
 Paintings are often X-rayed to
reveal underdrawings and pentimenti, alterations in the
course of painting or by later restorers.
Many pigments such as lead whiteshow well in radiographs.
 In airport security
 luggage scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of
luggage for security threats before loading on aircraft.
uses X-ray equipment to produce three-dimensional
representations of components both externally and
internally.
This is accomplished through computer processing of
projection images of the scanned object in many directions.
3.5.1 Laser
The laser is a device that emits a collimated
(pencil-like) beam of either visible or invisible
electromagnetic radiation (light).

Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
3.5.2 Characteristic Laser
3.5.3 Uses of Laser
 In medicine
Lasers are widely used in surgery to destroy tumors, to
cauterize blood vessels and to pulverize kidney stoned
and gallstones.
Laser also being used to reshape the cornea of the eye to
correct nearsightedness.
 In industry
Laser beam is used for welding, drilling and cutting the
metal plates. Carbon dioxide gas lasers are usually used.
 In communications:
Laser beam generated by the semiconductor lasers are
used to carry signals along the fibre optic cable.
 In Military
 marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defense, electro-
optical countermeasures (EOCM), lidar, blinding troops.
 In Law enforcement
 LIDAR traffic enforcement. Lasers are used for
latent fingerprint detection in the forensic identification field
 In Research
 spectroscopy, laser ablation, laser annealing, laser scattering,
laser interferometry, lidar, laser capture
microdissection, fluorescence microscopy, metrology.
 In Commercial products
 laser printers, barcode scanners, thermometers, laser
pointers, holograms, bubblegrams.
THE END