RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION AND TRACTION

Submitted By:
Karthik
S5 EEE
Roll No: 57
Reg No:2101032850
CONTENT
1.Indroduction

2.Brief History

3.Why and How Electric Power on Railway

1.Electric Traction - 1879

4.
5.Properties And Application Of Nanowires

6.Magnetic Properties

&.Optical Properties

9.Stripped Nanowires

10.What Good Are Nanowires And Advantages

 INDRODUCTION
• Nanoscale electronics could hold the promise of powering future electronic
devices that can outperform existing devices and open up totally new
opportunities

• It will require conceptually new device building blocks, scalable circuit

architectures, and fundamentally different fabrication strategies

• 1D nanostructures represent the smallest dimension structure that can

efficiently transport electrical carriers
• 1D nanostructures can also exhibit critical device function and thus can be
exploited as both the wiring and devices elements in future architectures
for functional nanosystems

• In this regard, two materials classes:

semicontuctor nanowires(NWs)
carbon nanotubes(NTs)
have shown particular promise

• NTs have been used to fabricate field effect transistors< diodes< and logic
circuits
Problems with Nanotubes to devices:
• Difficulties to control whether building blocks are semiconducting or
metallic

• Difficulties in manipulating individual NTs

So, to date, device fabrication by NTs largely is a random events,

thus pose a significant barrier to achieving highly integrated
nanocircuits
WHAT IS NANOWIRES

• Nanowires are microscopic wires

• Width ranges from fourty to fifty nanometers
• But their length is not so limited
• Since they can be lengthened by simply attaching
more wires end to end
• Diameter of nanowires range from a single atom to a few hundreds of
nanometers.
• Length varies from a few atoms to many microns
• Different name of nanowires in literature:
Whiskers, fibers: 1D structures ranging from several nanometers to ㅤ ㅤ
ㅤㅤ several hundred microns

• Nanowires:Wires with large

ㅤㅤ aspect ratios (e.g. >20),
• Nanorods: Wires with small
ㅤㅤ aspect ratios.
• NanoContacts: short wires
ㅤㅤ bridged between two larger
ㅤㅤ electrodes
SYNTHESIS OF NANOWIRES

• Some of the recent successful synthesis of nanowires are based on the so-
called vapour-liquid-solid(VLS)mechanism
 VAPOUR LIQUID SOLID GROWTH (VLS)

Schematic diagram illustrating the growth of silicon nanowires by the VLS mechanism
 VAPOUR LIQUID SOLID GROWTH
(VLS)

TEM and selected area diffraction image of a single crystal ZnO nanorod.(20nm width)
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF
NANOWIRES
• Nanowires are promising materials for many novel applications

• Not only because of their unique geometry, but also because they
possess many unique physical properties, including:

• Electrical
• Magnetic
• optical
• mechanical
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
• Actually the magnetic properties of nanowires depend on the
wire diameter and aspect ratio

• It is possible to control the magnetic properties of the nanowires

by controlling the fabrication parameters

• Remanence ratio, which measures the remanence

magnetization after switching off the external magneticfield
Coercivity, which is the coercive field required to demagnetize
the magnet after full magnetization.

• Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

• Controlling the flow of optically encoded information with

nanometer scale accuracy over distances of many microns,
which may find applications in future high-density optical
computing.

• Silicon nanowires coated with SiC show stable

photoluminescence at room temperature
 WHY ARE NANOWIRES NOT BEING
IMPLEMENTED
• Nanowires are not being heavily manufactured because they are still in the
development stage and are only produced in the laboratory.

• Until production has been streamlined, made easier and faster.

• They will not be heavily manufactured for commercial purposes.

• They are 4 or 5 times more effective than current technology.

• An industry-wide technology overhaul is not cost effective at the moment

WHAT USES ARE NANOWIRES BEING
DEVELOPED FOR?

• Racetrack Memory

• Greater Storage

• Prototype Sensors
WHAT GOOD ARE NANOWIRES?
Some uses are given below:

• Data storage/transfer
• Batteries/generators
• Transistors
• LED’s
• Optoelectrinic devices
• Biochemical sensors
• Heat-pumbing Thermoelectric devices
INVISIBLE STREET LIGHT
 ADVANTAGES
• Nanowires devices can be assembled in a rational and predictable because

• Nanowires can be precisely controlled during synthesis.

• chemical composition,

• Diameter

• Length

• Doping/electronic properties

• It is possible to combine distinct NW building blocks in ways not possible in

conventional electronics.
CONCLUSION
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 REFERENCE
• Essentials of nanotechnology : Jeremy ramsdan

• Nanotubes & Nanowires : CN Ram Rao

• Nanotubes & Nanowires : Peter John Burke

• Wikipedia

• Nanowires : A Platform for Nanoscience & Nanatechnology : Charles M.Lieber