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Chapter-3 - High Way Geometric Design Part One
Chapter-3 - High Way Geometric Design Part One
and know how we design and use these elements on the curve.
3.1. Introduction
Geometric Design of Road: is the process whereby the layout
FIGURE: MOUNTAINOUS
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TERRAIN
3.2.3. Traffic volume and composition
Traffic volume: is the number of vehicles that pass a point, on a
Figure: median and median Figure: Road side barrier and curb
barrier
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3.4. Elements of road cross-section
G. Cross-slopes H. Side slopes
provided for stability of earthworks; the
• to enhance the flow of surface water
slope varies depending on the material
Prevention of entry of surface
type
water into subgrade soil through
the pavement. I. Right-of-way
To make the surface dry soon The total land area required for the
after the rain so that skid construction of the roadway
resistance does not reduce. To accommodate all the elements
To regulate the vehicles to their of the road cross-section
proper lanes. Planned widening of the road
Public utility facilities that will be
installed along the highway
High type pavement 1.5 –2 %
Intermediate type of pavement
– 1.5- 3%
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3.4. Elements of road cross-section
Cross
slope
2) Time to stop – the distance required for stopping the vehicle after the brakes are
applied. (Moving from design speed to zero speed).
VE 2
SSD 0.278VE * t1
254 f g
802
SSD 0.278*80* 2.5sec
254 0.305 0
802
SSD 0.278*80* 2.5sec
254 0.305 0
802
SSD 0.278*80* 2.5sec
254 0.305 0
SSD 55.6 m 82.61m 138.21m
NB: with the speed of 80kph Ephrem would need 138.21m to stop. But the available distance
between his car and that of Zeritu’s car is only 60m. So, stopping for Mr.Ephrem would be
dangerous.
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Passing sight distance
PSD D1 D 2 D3 D 4
at
D1 0.278 * t1 VE m 1
2
3.4 * 2.5
D1 0.278 * 2.5 sec 80 (80 0)
2 * 3.6
D1 5m
D 2 0.278 * V* t 2
D 2 0.278 *80 * 4 sec
D 2 88.96m
D3 80m given
2 2
D4 * D2 *88.96m 59.31m
3 3
PSD D1 D 2 D3 D 4
PSD 5 88.96 80 59.31
PSD 233.27 m
NB: 233.27 m 250m so it is safe. In order to avoid accident Mr.Ephrem would have to pass the
vehicle (Zeritu’s vehicle)
GA=-5%
If it is impractical to remove an
obstruction blocking the sight
distance, consider providing
traffic control devices or design Figure: Intersection sight Distance
applications (e.g., warning signs,
turn lanes), which may not
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otherwise be considered.
3.5.2. Horizontal Alignment
The design elements of the horizontal alignment are the tangent [straight
section], the circular curve, the transition curve (spiral) and the super
elevation section.
Horizontal curve is one of the most important features influencing the
A. Straights (Tangents)
• Long straights should be avoided, as they are boring for drivers and
cause headlight dazzle on straight grades.
• Short straights between curves in the same direction should not
be used because of the broken back effect.
The following guidelines may be applied concerning the length of
straights:
• Straights should not have lengths greater than (20 * V) meters,
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3.5.2. Horizontal alignment…cont’d
• Straights between circular curves turning in the same direction
B. Circular curves
From one location to other location the nature of the terrain is going to
change, due to that different types of circular curves are formed. These
are: Nov 15, 2023
3.5.2. Horizontal alignment…cont’d
pavement.
To avoid both sliding and overturning of vehicles on a curved path, super
R=v2/127((emax/100)+f)
Application
Application: Normally, f is given, e is also known when the location
of the designed highway is known. The rest is to determine v when
R is known, or determine R when v is given.
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Super Elevation
Attainment of Super Elevation
The transition from a tangent to a curved super elevated section
must be accompanied without any appreciable reduction in
speed.
So that, comfort and safety of occupants of the travelling vehicle
is ensured.
The normal cambered surface on the straight reach of the road is
=239.015m
ii. Shift distance(S) iv. Form of cubic parabola
B = wheel base
R = radius of curve
V = design speed (Km/hr)
n = number of lanes
Wc=total widening