15/11/2023

Rates of Reaction
and Energy Changes
EdExcel 2016 Chemistry topic 7

W Richards

The Weald School

Rates of Reaction
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Measuring the Rate of Reaction
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Two common methods:

Table of results:
Time/s Mass or reactants/g OR volume of gas formed/cm 3
Measuring the Rate of Reaction
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Another common method:

Table of results:
Concentration of acid or Time taken for cross to
sodium thiosulfate disappear
 Collision Theory
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Chemical reactions will only happen if

particles ________ with each other with
enough ________.
 Rates of Reaction
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Oh no! Here comes

another one and it’s
got more energy…

Here comes another No effect! It didn’t

one. Look at how slow
it’s going…
It missed!
Here comes an acid particle…
have enough energy!
Hi. I’m Mike Marble. I’m
about to have some acid
poured onto me. Let’s see
what happens…
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Rates of Reaction and Collision Theory
Chemical reactions occur when different atoms
or molecules _____ with enough energy (the
“________ Energy”).

Basically, the more collisions we get the _______ the reaction goes. The
rate at which the reaction happens depends on four things:
1) If a ______ has been used
2) The _______ the reactants are under (if they are gases)
3) Their concentration
4) Their surface area:______ ratio
5) The ______ of the reactants – this is the biggest factor as it affects
the number of collisions AND the energy in each collision

Words – activation, quicker, pressure, volume, temperature, collide,

catalyst
 Example Results
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Time/s Amount of gas formed/cm3

0 0
10 10
20 20
30 30
40 37
50 44
60 50
70 56
80 60
90 63
100 65
110 65
120 65
 Rate of reaction graph
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Amount of
product formed/ Slower rate of reaction here
amount of due to reactants being used up
reactant used up

Fast rate
of reaction Slower reaction
here

Time/s

Rate of reaction = amount of product formed/reactant used up

(in g/s or cm3/s) time
 15/11/2023
Using Tangents to calculate rate of reaction (HT )
Q. Can we work out the rate of reaction at a specific time
using the graph?
Amount of
product formed
For example, what is the
rate of reaction here? Diff. in y

Diff. in x

Step 1 – draw a tangent at that point

Step 2 – calculate the gradient of the

tangent using:
gradient = difference in y / difference in x
Time/s
 Catalyst Summary
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Catalysts are used to ____ __ a reaction to

increase the rate at which a product is made or
to make a process ________. They are not
normally ___ __ in a reaction and they are
reaction-specific (i.e. different reactions need
_________ catalysts). Catalysts work by
lowering the _______ energy needed for a
reaction to happen.
An example of a catalyst is a biological catalyst
called an _______. These catalyts are used to
make alcoholic drinks.

Words – different, enzyme, speed up, activation, used up,

cheaper
Heat energy changes in 15/11/2023

chemical reactions
 Grouping reactions
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Can you put these reactions into groups?

Burning

Photosynthesis
Self-heating cans

Cooling packs
Hand warmer packs
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Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

Ones that GIVE OUT heat Ones that TAKE IN heat

energy to the surroundings energy from the surroundings
 Example reactions
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Reaction Temp. after mixing/OC Exothermic or

endothermic?

Sodium hydroxide +
dilute hydrochloric acid

Sodium
hydrogencarbonate +
citric acid
Copper sulphate +
magnesium powder

Sulphuric acid +
magnesium ribbon
 Chemical Reactions recap
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A chemical reaction is when atoms are basically rearranged

into something different. For example, consider burning
methane:

Methane + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water

When is energy put into this reaction and when is energy given
out?
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Endo and exo reactions in more detail
For a reaction to happen you have to break bonds and then
make new ones. How is energy involved?

Step 1: Energy must

be SUPPLIED to Energy
break bonds
(endothermic – the
“activation energy”):
Step 2: Energy is Energy
RELEASED (exothermic)
when new bonds are made:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC overall if more energy is

RELEASED then SUPPLIED.
If more energy is SUPPLIED then is RELEASED then the
reaction is ENDOTHERMIC.
 Energy level diagrams
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Energy Activation
level energy – the
energy
needed to
start the
reaction

Energy given
out by
reaction

Reaction progress
 Exothermic vs endothermic:
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EXOTHERMIC – more ENDOTHERMIC – less

energy is given out than is energy is taken in than
taken in (e.g. burning, given out (e.g.
respiration) photosynthesis)
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Measuring energy in methane (HT only)
CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

To burn methane
you have to break
all of these bonds:

And then you

have to make
these ones:
 Bond energies (HT only) 15/11/2023

C-H = 435 Kj

O=O = 497 Kj

Total for breaking bonds = 4x435 + 2x497 = 2734 KJ/mol

C=O = 803 Kj H-O = 464 Kj

Total for making bonds = 2x803 + 4x464 = 3462 KJ/mol

Total energy change = 2734-3462 = -728 KJ/mol

 15/11/2023
Drawing this on an energy diagram:

2734 Kj
3462 Kj

-728 Kj

More energy is given out (3462) than is given in (2734) –

the reaction is EXOTHERMIC. The total (“nett”) energy
change is –728 Kj/mol. An endothermic reaction would
have a positive energy change.
Bond energy values
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C-H = 435 KJ/mol

O-H = 464 KJ/mol
O=O = 497 KJ/mol
C=O = 803 KJ/mol
C-O = 360 KJ/mol
C-C = 346 KJ/mol
 Another example: ethanol
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C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Total for breaking bonds = 5x435 (C- Total for making bonds =
H) + 360 (C-O) + 464 (O-H) + 3x497 4x803 (C=O) + 6x464 (O-H) =
(O=O) +346 (C-C) = 4836 KJ/mol 5996 KJ/mol

Energy change = 4836-5996 =-1160 KJ/mol

 Another example: methanol
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2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

Total for breaking bonds = 6x435 Total for making bonds =

(C-H) + 2x360 (C-O) + 2x464 (O-H) 4x803 (C=O) + 8x464 (O-H) =
+ 3x497 (O=O) = 5749 KJ/mol 6924 KJ/mol

Energy change = 5749-6924 (divide this by two as we are

dealing with two molecules of methanol) = -587.5 KJ/mol