Lecture 8

What is Foundation?
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure.

.
 What Is Foundation Engineering?
 It is the engineering field of study devoted to the
design of those structures which support other
structures, most typically buildings, bridges or
transportation infrastructure.
 It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and
Geotechnical Engineering disciplines and has distinct
focus on soil-structure interaction.
 It is also called as ground sill, which transfers loads to
the ground.
 Types of foundation
I. Shallow foundation 2. Deep foundation

Pad foundations
Strip foundations Pile
Raft foundations Piers
Caissons
 Shallow Foundation
 Shallow foundations are those founded near to the
finished ground surface; generally where the founding
depth (Df) is less than the width of the footing and less
than 3m. (These are not strict rules, but merely
guidelines): basically, if surface loading or other surface
conditions will affect the bearing capacity of a
foundation it is 'shallow'.
 Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are
sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed
loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly
compressible soils, such as poorly-compacted fill, peat,
recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc.
Pad or Isolated Foundation
Strip Foundation
Raft Foundation
 Deep Foundation
• Deep foundations are those founding too deeply
below the finished ground surface for their base
bearing capacity to be affected by surface
conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below
finished ground level
• They include piles, piers and caissons or
compensated foundations using deep basements
and also deep pad or strip foundations.
• Deep foundations can be used to transfer the
loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth
if unsuitable soils are present near the surface
Foundation On Clay and Plastic Slit
• Soil strength parameter
• S=C for cohesive soil
• If Load increases than there will be shear
failure
Soil Failure under footing
• What is the difference between Bearing
Capacity and unconfined compressive
strength?
Lecture 9
 Bearing Capacity Equation
• The bearing capacity factors, Nc, Nq, Nγ, are function
of internal friction angle, φ. Terzaghi's Bearing capacity
equations:
• Strip footings: Qu = c Nc + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B Nγ
• Square footings: Qu = 1.3 c Nc + γ D Nq + 0.4 γ B Nγ
• Circular footings: Qu = 1.3 c Nc + γ D Nq + 0.3
γ B Nγ
 Bearing Capacity Equation
• Where: C: Cohesion of soil,
• γ : unit weight of soil,
• D: depth of footing,
• B: width of footing
• Nc, Nq, Nr: Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors depend on
soil friction angle, φ.
• Nc=cotφ(Nq –1)
• Nq=e 2 (3π/4-φ/2)tanφ / [2 cos2(45+φ/2)]
• Nγ=(1/2) tanφ( Kpr /cos 2 φ -1)
• Kpr=passive pressure coefficient
 Bearing Capacity Equation
• Based on Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory, column
load P is resisted by shear stresses at edges of three
zones under the footing and the overburden
pressure, q (=γD) above the footing.
• The first term in the equation is related to cohesion
of the soil.
• The second term is related to the depth of the
footing and overburden pressure.
• The third term is related to the width of the footing
and the length of shear stress area.
 Gross Bearing Capacity
• gross bearing capacity combines the total upward pressure of
both applied load and self weight+overburden soil pressure
above the foundation
 Net Bearing Capacity
• For net soil bearing here self weight+overburden pressure is
cancelled out by an equal and opposite upward pressure
leaving the applied pressure which is equal to the applied load
dividing by footing area.
Equation We Use
Difference Between gross and net bearing capacity

• When net soil pressure is specified the the total

soil capacity is calculated through :
• Net soil capacity=Allowable bearing(user
defined)+self weight+overburden
• here if (self weight+overburden)<total soil
pressure above footing the the net soil pressure
calculation is incorrect so gross bearing
pressure gives more accurate then Net bearing
capacity of soil
Assumptions of Terjaghi
 Individual footing
• Pad foundations are used to support an
individual point load such as that due to a
structural column.
• They may be circular, square or rectangular.
• They usually consist of a block or slab of
uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or
hunched if they are required to spread the load
from a heavy column.
• Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep
pad foundations can also be used.
Problems