Yungas:
• Herbaceous Puna:
• High altitude grasslands
• The High Grasslands, featuring grasslands and herbaceous plants, along with
small tree forests in protected ravines.
• Montane Forest
• The Montane Forest, with cloud forests and species like cerro pine and walnut
• Montane Jungle
• The Montane Jungle, characterized by evergreen trees such as Maroma and
laurels
• Foothill jungle
• The Foothill Jungle, with diverse tree species like Salteño cedar and oak.
Peruvian Amazonia:
• Tropical Rainforest:
• The Peruvian Amazon is primarily characterized by its tropical rainforests. These rainforests are incredibly
diverse and are home to an immense array of plant and animal species. The high part of the forest is dense and
composed of trees, while the forest floor is composed of various plant species, such as orchids, bromeliads, and
ferns. This ecosystem supports wildlife, including jaguars, tapirs, macaws, monkeys, and countless other
species.
• Rivers and Flooded Forests:
• The Peruvian Amazon is crossed by numerous rivers, including the Amazon River and its tributaries. These
waterways give rise to unique ecosystems, such as flooded forests and várzea habitats. During the wet season,
when rivers overflow their banks, large areas of forest become submerged. This flooding creates a dynamic
environment, specialized plants and aquatic species that are adapted to the flowing water levels.
• Oxbow Lakes:
• Oxbow lakes is another ecosystem of the Peruvian Amazon. These are crescent-shaped bodies of water formed
when a meandering river changes course, leaving behind a U-shaped lake. Oxbow lakes provide crucial habitats
for aquatic life, serving as breeding grounds for fish and supporting a diverse range of bird species.
• Macaw Clay Licks:
• Clay licks are specific areas where birds, particularly macaws and parrots, gather to eat clay-rich soils. These
sites play a vital role in the nutritional needs and reproductive behavior of these colorful birds. Macaw clay licks
are a remarkable sight and attract researchers and visitors who come to observe the vibrant spectacle of the
Puna:
• It is the dominant ecosystem in the Puna. It is characterized by grasslands and areas with many plants
adapted to extreme conditions of altitude, low temperatures, and low rainfall. Here it is possible to find
species such as ichu, llareta, and tola.
• High Andean wetlands:
• In the Puna, there are also wetland areas such as lagoons, small water bodies and high-Andean wetlands,
which are important for the region's hydrological cycle and biodiversity. These aquatic ecosystems are home
to a variety of aquatic plants, migratory birds, and endemic species adapted to high mountain conditions.
• Polylepis forests:
• In some places in the Puna, especially in the inter-Andean valleys, you can find Polylepis forests, also known
as queñuas. These forests are one of a kind, as they grow at extreme altitudes and are often considered
relict species. They provide important habitats for a variety of bird species and other organisms.
• High mountain rivers and lagoons:
• The Puna is also home to numerous rivers and lagoons of glacial origin that play a crucial role in the region's
water supply and biodiversity. These bodies of water are home to fish species adapted to cold waters and
the high-altitude environment.
Paramo:
• Herbaceous páramo:
• It is the dominant ecosystem in the páramo. It is composed mainly of grasslands and herbaceous
vegetation adapted to high mountain conditions, such as the frailejón, “el cojin de la suegra” and the
páramo straw. These plants have special structures that allow them to retain water and resist low
temperatures.
• High altitude lagoons and wetlands:
• In the páramo, there are also lagoons, peat bogs and other wetlands of glacial origin or accumulated
rainwater. These bodies of water are home to a diversity of aquatic species adapted to cold and high
conditions, such as frogs, waterfowl, and endemic species.
• Polylepis forests:
• As in the Puna, in the páramo you can also find Polylepis forests, also known as queñuales. These
forests are found in areas of high humidity and protection from the wind. They are important refuges
for birds, such as the Andean condor, and contain a variety of flora and fauna species.
• Frailejonal:
• In some areas of the páramo, where conditions are especially humid and cold, an ecosystem called
frailejonal develops. It consists of extensive extensions of grouped frailejones, which form a
characteristic landscape. These ecosystems are home to unique biodiversity and provide crucial
Yungas: Puna:
• Producers • Producers
• Grasses such as Festuca, Stipa and Calamagrostis • Grasses, shrubs, lichens, mosses

• Herbivores • Herbivores/Omnivores
• Vicuñas, alpacas, llamas, rabbits, rodents
• Vicuñas, alpacas, llamas and guanacos. Then we have rodentsw such
as vizcachas or chinchillas • Predators
• Andean foxes, pumas, Andean condors, hawks
• Carnivores and Omnivores
• Birds such as Condors or eagles, then we have predators like pumas
or andean foxes.

Peruvian Amazonia: Paramo:

• Producers • Producers
• Trees like mahogany and Brazil nut, vines, epiphytes, and aquatic • Grasses, sedges, cushion plants, mosses
plants.
• Herbivores/Omnivores
• Herbivores/Omnivores • Andean bears, mountain tapirs, rabbits, rodents, birds like Carunculated
• Capybaras, tapirs, howler monkeys, agoutis, etc. Caracaras

• Predators • Predators
• Pumas, Andean foxes, Andean condors, hawks, owls
• Jaguars, pumas, ocelots, birds of prey, etc.
Yungas: Puna:
• Water Cycle • Producers
• The water cycle includes the circulation of water through evaporation, • The water cycle describes the circulation of water through evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation, maintaining the water supply in the condensation, and precipitation, maintaining the water supply in the high-
Yungas ecosystem. altitude puna ecosystem

• Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle

• The nitrogen cycle encompasses the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen • The nitrogen cycle encompasses the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into
into usable forms by plants, its transfer to animals through consumption, forms usable by plants, its uptake by plants, and its transfer to animals through
and its return to the soil through decomposition and waste in the Yungas. the food chain.

• Carbon Cycle • Predators

• The carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the • Andean foxes, pumas, Andean condors, hawks
atmosphere, plants, and animals, supporting the growth and energy
needs of organisms in the Yungas ecosystem.

Peruvian Amazonia: Paramo:

• Water Cycle
• The water cycle involves the movement of water through
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, sustaining the
rainforest and its ecosystems.
• Phosphorus Cycle
• The phosphorus cycle includes the uptake of phosphorus by plants,
its transfer to animals through consumption, and its return to the soil
through decomposition and waste..
• Carbon Cycle
• The carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between
the atmosphere, plants, and animals, supporting the growth and
• Water cycle
• The water cycle involves the movement of water through
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, sustaining the water
supply in the páramo ecosystem.
• Carbon Cycle
• The carbon cycle describes the exchange of carbon dioxide between
the atmosphere, plants, and animals, supporting the growth and
respiration of organisms in the páramo.
Yungas: Puna:
• The temperature in the yungas is relatively high, going in a • The temperature in Punas go from 7 to 10 degrees celcius
range from 22 to 26 degrees celcius

Peruvian Amazonia:
Paramo:
• It’s the highest in these biomes, with 25 degrees Celsius
on average all year long. • It has the lowest average temperature with 2 degrees Celsius on
average.