PROJECT TITLE:

ASSESSMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CORAL

AGGREGATE IN THE ASPHALT MIX DESIGN
• Introduction.
• An Asphalt Concrete mix (AC) consists of mineral aggregate bound
together with bitumen, laid in layers and well compacted.
• There are different types of aggregates being used in Asphalt Paving
mixture, some of them are Granite and Coral.
• Granite aggregates are originated from the igneous rock while Coral
are from Coastline rock.
• Aggregate plays an important role in durability and general volumetric
properties of an asphalt mix.
• It has to be selected with care making sure that all specified criteria
are met for a better performance or functioning of the life span
intended.
• Background.
• An Asphalt Concrete mix (AC) consists of mineral aggregate bound
together with bitumen, laid in layers and well compacted.
• Commonly Asphalt mix used in pavement surfacing is AC 20, AC 14 and
AC 10 depending on type of Traffic Load Class (TLC).
• There are different types of aggregates being used in Asphalt Paving
mixture, some of them are Granite and Basalt.
PROBLEM STATEMENTS

• It is obvious that the cost incurred in wearing course layers in

road surfacing is expensive due to unavailability of quality
materials and hence construction authorities are forced to
transport materials from one location to another just for long
distance for a reason of looking better material.
• But in fact the available material can be modified or
investigated and checked if the compliance is attained for the
project but without sacrificing the quality and the durability
of expected pavement.
• Scope of the Project.
• This project deal with design and analysis in the laboratory no any
attempt was made in preparing a field trial section.

• Significance of the Project.

• The project came up with the recommendation depending on the
results that coral aggregates can be used in producing Asphalt Concrete
Mixture.
OBJECTIVES
• Main Objective
• To assess the performance of coral aggregate in the asphalt
mix design against the standard specification.

• Specific Objectives
• To determine Aggregates properties of Coral
• To determine Asphalt properties for the mix
• To design asphalt mix (trial mix design of asphalt)
• To compare obtain results of Asphalt mix made by coral
against specification
• Literature Review
• It is recommended that there must be proper selection of materials
which shall provide long lasting performance as part of pavement
structure (MoW, Pavement and Materials design manuals, 1999)
• Required Properties of the Asphalt Mix.
 To provide sufficient skid resistance to plastic deformation.
sufficient workability to enable efficient laying and compaction of mix
without segregation.
sufficient Air voids to avoid bleeding or loss of resistance to
deformation
 • Materials used in Asphalt mix design.
• It is essential that the properties of the component materials of
Asphalt should meet the minimum standards to confirm the materials
have a satisfactory performance.(Hot mixing design specification 2018)

• Aggregates.
• Aggregates are the major component in Asphalt Mix. The quality and
physical properties of this material have a large influence on mix
performance.
• The qualities required of aggregates are described in term of Shape,
Hardness, Durability, Bitumen Affinity and Specific Gravity.
• Properties of Aggregates for Asphalt Concrete Mix.
• It should be pure from clay and organic materials.
• It should be angular in shape.
• It should be strong enough to resist crushing during mixing.
• It should be of good resistance to abrasion and polishing.
• It should be less-absorptive.
• Test for Aggregates Materials.
• Aggregates absorption test
• Specific gravity test
• Aggregates crushing value test
• Sieve analysis test
• Dry 10%-Fines value test
• Soaked 10%-Fines value test
• Elongation Index test.
• Flakiness Index test.
• Bitumen affinity
• Bitumen.
• In Asphalt Concrete Mix Design, Bitumen material used as binder
material. There are three important properties of paving grade
bitumen. These are viscosity (consistency), purity and safety.
• The measurement of viscosity provides a more accurate method of
specifying binder consistency and a more accurate effective method of
determining the temperature susceptibility of the bitumen. ( (Asphalt,
1997)
• Objectives of bitumen in Asphalt concrete mix design.
• Binding effect:
• Cushion
• Resistance to weathering agencies
• Sealing of surface
• Types of bitumen.
• Commonly Bitumen material classified into three types which are:-
Cut back bitumen.
Pen grade bitumen.
Immersion bitumen.
• Common Bitumen Test to Be Done for AC Work.
 Penetration test
 Density of bitumen
 Viscosity
 Ductility
 Thin film oven test
 Flash and fire point

• Asphalt concrete mix design method.
• Asphalt Concrete (AC) is produced by mixing aggregates and bitumen in
definite proportions.
• Bitumen combine with Filler to produce a mastic paste that binds the
aggregates particles together and fills the voids formed in the
aggregates while aggregates provide adequate strength and skid
resistance for the pavement layer. (Asphalt, 1997)

• There are three methods commonly used in mix design of asphalt.

• Hveem Method.
• Super pave Method.
• Marshall Method.
METHODOLOGY
• Method of Data Collection
• In this project the methods that was used in the data
collection was through the laboratory tests and uses of
ministry of work and other references as the test procedures

• The tests that was conducted in the laboratory

Tests of the aggregates (coral aggregates)
Tests of the bitumen
Marshall test of coral asphalt concrete
• Coral Aggregates Characterization
• The Aggregates for Asphalt concrete was obtain after
crushed the coralline rock.
• Crushed size of Aggregates was 20mm-14mm, 14mm-
10mm, 10mm-5mm and 5mm-0mm together with lime
material will be delivery to the laboratory for carrying out
the Asphalt Hot Mix design.
• Source of material
• Selected Coral Aggregates Sample Stockpile from Al
Hushoom Quarry located at Boko in Dar es Salaam Regional.
• Bitumen Characterization
• Sample of bitumen binder of pen 40/50 were delivery to the
laboratory for carrying out the Asphalt Hot Mix design.

• Source of material
• Bitumen used was sampled from STARPECO and it was tested
following AASHTO test methods.
DATA COLLECTION
• For Aggregates
• Test methods
• Particle size distribution, wet sieving of aggregates
• Specific gravity and Absorption of Aggregates
• Ten Percent Fines Value

• Results were summarized and annexed with this report

 Summary Test Results of Coral Aggregates .

Parameter 20mm-14mm 14mm-10mm 10mm-5mm 5mm-0mm Lime Specification

Specific
gravity 2.55
(Dry Bulk) 2.55 2.56 2.500 2.329

Specific 2.64
2.64 2.65 2.583
gravity
(SSD)
Absorption 1.24% 1.25% 1.44% 3.30% <2.0%
10% Fine
Value(Dry) 115KN
110KN
10% Fine
Value(Wet 110KN
)
10 %Fine
Value 95.7 75%Min
Wet/Dry
• For bitumen
• Test methods
• The following tests were determined:
Penetration test
Flash and fire points
Thin Film Oven Test
Ductility
 Summary test results of selected pen bitumen.

Test Name Result Specification

Penetration of original sample 48 50/40

Penetration of after sample 30

Flash point 337°C 232°C Min

Solubility in TCE 100% Min 99%

Thin Film Oven Test(TFOT)[Loss 0.02% 0.8 Max

Ductility 129.6cm Min100cm

• DATA ANALYSIS
• Sample of aggregates namely 20mm-14mm,14mm-10,10mm-
5mm,5mm-0mm Crusher dust and 40/50 Pen bitumen together with
Lime material were delivered to the laboratory for carrying out the
Asphalt Hot Mix design
• Design mix proportion for coral aggregate
• The ratios adopted in the successful laboratory mix were: 30% for
5mm-0mm aggregate: 13% for 10mm-5mm aggregate: 16% for 14mm-
10mm:40% for 20mm-14mm aggregate and 1% of lime.
• The blended aggregates were mixed with bitumen at 140-145 degree
centigrade and sets of 3 parallel brikettes compacted with an
automatic Marshall compactor (75x2blows) at 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%,
5.0% ,5.5% and 6.0%. Voids and density were calculated and Marshall
Stability
• Marshall Flow value were determined on the brikettes at 60oC. A range
of acceptable bitumen contents meeting the requirements of the
Tanzania specification was obtained.

• A design Binder content meeting all the voids and Marshall parameter
was used for further test as shown in the attachments. In the case of
AC 20 the proposed designed binder content was 4.7%.
 36

FL OW

32

STABILI TY

28

V. M.A

24
AIR VOI DS

DENSITI ES 20

3.0 % 3.5 % 4.0 % 4.5 % 5.0 % 5.5 %

3.53.53.5
% 4.0 % 4.5 % 5.0 % 5.5 % FLOW

COMMON RANGE 3.55 % ~ 5.0 % 15.0 %

ASPHALT CONTENT = 4.7%

14.5 %

14.0 %

13.5 %

13.0 %

3.0 % 3.5 % 4.0 % 4.5 % 5.0 % 5.5 %

V.M.A. ( >14%)
 Table 4.5: Summarized results of proposed AC20 mix design for Coral Aggregates.
Property AC20 Specification
Lime 1%

5mm-0mm Crusher Dust 30%

10mm-5mm Aggregates 13%
14mm-10mm Aggregates 16%
20mm-14mm Aggregates 40%
Design Binder Content 4.70%
Air Voids 5.5 3%-6%
VMA 14.98 14% min
VFB 60%
Marshall Flow 2.9mm 2mm-4mm
Marshall Stability 16.2 9KN min

Refusal Voids 3.40% 3%

Immersion Index/Retained 90% 75% min
Stability
Film Thickness Binder 7.5microns min 5.5 micro(in TRH8-
1987)
Property Coral Ac20 Mix Remark

Air Voids 5.5% PASS

VMA 14.98 PASS

VFB 60% PASS

Marshall Stability 16.2 PASS

Marshall Flow 2.9mm PASS

Refusal Voids 3.40% PASS

Immersion Index/Retained Stability 90% PASS

Film Thickness Binder 7.5microns PASS

Indirect Tensile Strength 890Kpa PASS

 • Conclusion
• From the laboratory test results and computation on mix design made
of coral aggregates meets the requirement of an AC 20 mix design for
severely loaded areas.

• The design binder content complying with the requirements of the

Tanzania Specification for Road works 2000 was 4.7% for AC20 made
from Coral Aggregates
• Recommendations
• From the mix design results of coral aggregates it shows that:
Coral Aggregates can be used since it is suitable to resist the effect of
Traffic Loading.
Care should be taken during purchasing the Bitumen in order to meet
a Target Project Cost.
 It has been shown that coral aggregates have high demand of binder
content.
REFERENCES
AASHTO. (1995). Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling (17th Edition
ed.). New york: AASHTO.
Asphalt. (1997). Construction of Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Manual (7 ed.). Lexington: Asphalt Institute.
CML. (2000). central materials laboratory. Dar es salaam: Novum GrafiskAS.
institutes, A. (n.d.). mix design methods (6 ed.).
Khanna. (2005). Highway Engineering. Nem Chand & Brothers.
Kisunge, J. (2003). Road Construction Materials. Dar es salaam.
Kisunge, J. (2012). Road Construction Materials. Dar es salaam.
MoW. (1999). Pavement and Materials design manuals (1 ed.). Oslo Norway: AllkopiAS.
MoW. (2000). Standard Specifications for Road works (1 ed.). Norway: Novum Grafisk AS,Skjetten.