MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOG

DEPARPMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PRESENTATION OF PROJECT TITLE
PRESENTER FRANK JILALA MASHIKU
REG NO 19100334030102
MODULE PROJECT FOR FINAL YEAR
CASE STUDY MBEYA REGION IN TANZANIA
 PROJECT TITLE

MODIFICATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CINDER

AND PUMICE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LOW VOLUME
ROADS IN MBEYA REGION.
 INTRODUCTION
 Pumice is the volcanic soil formed due to volcanic
eruptions ,the material has the following properties;

a. Porous i.e. has high porosity ratio.

b. High water absorptions.

c. Low bulk density that ranges from 500kg/m³ to

900kg/m³ according to Neville

d. Has no plasticity
 INTRODUCION Cont……….
Cinder is the volcanic material that occur after the
volcanic eruption to take place has the following
properties;

a. Has the high bulk density compared to the pumice

material.

b. Their color can be black, red, grey or brown usually

with in the same cone.

c. Has no plasticity index (PI) .

 BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY
 The Mbeya region is situated on the accommodation zone
between the South Rukwa and the North Malawi Rift Basins
(Delvaux and Hanon,1993).

It located on NW-SE rift valley with the NE-SW trending

Ruaha-Usangu depression

The area is active with volcanic eruptions occurring

historical times

The volcanic eruption cause the formation of abundant

cinder and pumice
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The construction and maintenance of road networks in rural

area in Tanzania is expensive due to depletion of material that
comply to standard especially in the places with volcanic
material like Mbeya region. Volcanic cinder are substandard
material (Chengula and Mnkeni 2021). The study is to modify
the volcanic cinder and volcanic pumice in order to meet
standard for construction of the LVRs to reduce highly
depending on existing standard material for gravel road ,this
will reduce the depletion of standard material.
 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The study was to meet the specifications of the wearing

course for gravel as the low volume roads.

The study was to determine the engineering properties of

cinder and pumice .
 SIGNIFICANCES OF THE PROJECT
 Cinder and pumice to be usefully for engineering
purpose as for construction of the low volume roads.
 Roads networking in rural area will be less cost fully
due to use of the locally available material.
 Roads networking in the rural expected to be well
connected due to utilizations of local available materials
 This helps to improve the living standard of people in
the rural places
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT TITLE.

The general objective of project is modification of

engineering properties of cinder and the pumice for the
construction of low volume roads (LVRs) for gravel
wearing surfacing in Mbeya region in Tanzania.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT TITLE.
 Determination of engineering properties of cinder
 Determination of engineering properties of pumice
 Determination of effect of compaction on the particles
size distributions ( crushability ) of the pumice
materials
 Determination of optimum proportion of cinder and
pumice for construction of wearing surface for the
gravel road
 LITURATURE RIVIEW (low volume roads)

 The low volume roads carry an average of 300 motor

vehicles per day, and less than 1.0 (MESA) in one
direction (MoWTC,2016),
 low volume roads carry less than 300 motor vehicles per
day (total vehicle flow both ways) this is according to
MRB , May,2013).
 Mostly found in the developing countries , in Tanzania
cover the 75% of the total roads networks (Chengula and
Mnkeni 2021)
 LITURATURE RIVIEW ( low volume roads)

 The low volume roads can be either paved or unpaved

roads.
 For paved roads surfacing material used are either
bituminous or the Portland concrete cement.
 For gravel Roads (Unpaved Roads) Surfacing material are
gravel material.
 The material that used as surfacing for gravel roads must
comply the standard.
 LITURATURE RIVIEW (cinder)

 The cinder are of different colors usually occurs in the

dark color and irregularly shaped cells unconnected with
each other ( Shetty 2000)
 The black color show high iron content while the red
color is due to oxidation (Wagaw, 2020)
 Color is insignificant on the engineering properties of the
cinder.
 Due to the its porous properties its density ranges 882
kg/m3 with the specific gravity of the 1.754 (Mboya and
Mrema 2020).
 LITURATURE RIVIEW (cinder)

 Cinder lacks sufficient finer, having coarser particles

more than upper limit of gradation envelop for base
course (Maniyazawal , 2020)
 Compaction produce finer makes gradation out of limit
specified for base course(Maniyazawal , 2020)
 Compaction produce finer meet specification of material
for base course layer (Mesfun at el,2018)
 The cinder material has no plastic but the CBR is 17.6%
(Chengula and Mnkeni 2021)
 LITURATURE RIVIEW( pumice)

 Pumice as volcanic maternal with light colored density

500kg/m3 to 900kg/m3 (Neville,2002)
 Pumice from Mbeya its density ranges 411kg/ m 3 (Mboya
and Mrema 2020)
 Porosity of pumice is high has lots of void from micro- to
macro-scale
 High SiO2 and Al2O3 ratio cause abrasion and durability
respectively(Fındık 2007)
 LITURATURE RIVIEW (pumice)

 For MDD of 1.362g/cm³and1.298g/cm³,CBR0.8% and

0.9% respectively for the soaked sample (Mesfun at
el,July2019)
 The LLis 35% and PLis zero and the linear shrinkages is
7% (Çimen,2015)
 Pumice is blended best performance is 30% pumice and
70% aggregate., 25% LL, 2% PL, and 125.5% CBR at
95% MDD from mixture condition (Fındık, 9 January
2007)
LITURATURE RIVIEW (Engineering application of cinder)

Cinder used as the base course (Maniyazawal,2020)

The current use of cinder gravel for hollow block

construction industry

Cinder gravels used for heavily trafficked base course

(Berhanu ,2009)

The Use of Blended Cinder Aggregates for Concrete

Mixes(Chengula, January 2022)
LITURATURE RIVIEW(Engineering application of pumice)

Pumice used in wastewater treatment (Çifçi and

Meriç,2016)

Pumice used in precast concrete for drainage(Gaus at

el,2019)

Pumice used to stabilize the expansive soil for

subgrade(Mesfun at el,2019).

Pumice Used for Stabilization of subbase layer materials in

flexible pavement (Saltan and Fındık, November 2006).

 METHODOLOGY (sampling the material )

Specific objectives of project title were attained by doing

the following

a. Sampling of material from the field

b. Laboratory test for determination of specific objectives

Sampling of material were obtained from the following

a Cinder was obtained from Mbalizi JK 44.

b Pumice was obtained MUST.

c Clay was obtained from Mlimanyoka.

 METHODOLOGY (sampling the material)

Methods of sampling the sample from the field which

are;

a. Disturbed method

b. Undisturbed method

The method was used to sample material was the

disturbed method (pit).
 METHODOLOGY (Laboratory tests )

Laboratory tests were achieved the specific objectives

a. Sieve analysis (Particles size distribution)

b. Consistency test(Atterberg limit tests)

c. Compactions test

d. California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

e. The effects of the compaction on the particles size

distribution (crushability).
 RESULT (CINDER)
(PL)%
Sample (LL)% (PI) LS%
Non -Plasitic
cinder Non- Plasitic Non- Plasitic 0

passing % (GC) (SP)

28mm 5mm 0.425mm

94.3 40 5.3 36 0
 EQUATIONS FOR ANALYSIS

1. L

2. For 2.5mm
 RESULT (CINDER)

cinder Bulk density (Kg/m3 Water Dry density

contents% (Kg/m3)

1689 11 1507
(CBR)% at 95% MDD for heavy compactions

25
 RESULT (PUMICE)
(PL)% (PI)% LS
Sample (LL)%
%

Non-
Non -Plasitic Non -Plasitic 0
Plasitic

Pumice passing % (GC) (SP)

0.425
28mm 5mm
mm

7 35
97.7 39 0
 RESULT (PUMICE)
Bulk density Water Dry density
(Kg/m3 contents% (Kg/m3)
1324 20 1160

(CBR)% at 95% MDD for heavy compactions

15
 SIEVE BEFORE AND AFTER COMACTION

Gradation curve of pumice before

compaction and after
100.00
80.00
60.00 Before
passed%

compaction
40.00
After
20.00 com-
pactions
0.00
0.1 1 10 100
sieve size(mm)
 SIEVE FOR CINDER
Gradation curve of cinder
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
Passing %

60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size mm
 COMPACTION FOR CINDER AND PUMICE
CINDER AND PUMICE
1600 COMPACTION
Series1 Series3

1400
Dry density kg/m3

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.00 5.00 10.00water
15.00%20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
CBR Vs COMPAXTION FOR CINDER AND
PUMICE
CBR Vs COMPACTION DEGREE
100
PUMICE CINDER

10

1
75 80 85 90 95 100
 RESULT (CLAY)

Sample Liquid limit (LL)% Plasticitylimit (PL)%

48.3 21.4
Clay
Percentages passing % Gradingcoefficient
(GC)
28mm 5mm 0.425mm

100 98.6 93.7 6.2

 RESULT (BLENDED MATERIAL)

Sample (LL)% (PL)% (PI)% LS%

10CL20PU70CI 46 40 6 4.3

15CL20PU65CI 49.6 37.6 12 5

20CL20PU60CI 57 44.7 12.3 6

25CL20PU55CI 50 37.3 12.7 7

 RESULT (BLENDED MATERIAL)

Sample Percentages passing % (GC) (SP)

5mm 0.425mm
28mm

50 16
10CL20PU70CI 94.6 39.3 68
26
15CL20PU65CI 92 45 29.7 150

20CL20PU60CI 98 51 17 40.8 102

32.7
25CL20PU55CI 90.6 10.9 26.1 133
 RESULT (BLENDED MATERIAL)

Sample MDD OMC CBR% at 95%

(Kg/m3) (%) MDD
10CL20PU70CI 1458 15% 30

15CL20PU65CI 1400 29 25

20CL20PU60CI 1372 33 15

25CL20PU55CI 1255 20 14
 SIEVE FOR BLENDED MATERIAL
GRADATION OF BLENDED MATERIAL
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
Passing %

25%clay
50.00
40.00 20% clay
30.00 15% clay
20.00 10% clay
10.00
0.00
1.00 10.00 100.00
sieve size mm
DRY DENSIRTY VS WATER CONETNT%
CBR FOR (BLENDED MATERIAL

40 CBR Vs DEGREE OF COMPACTION 35

35 30

30 25
CBR %

25 20

20 10% Clay 20% clay 25%clay 15%clay

15

15
10
10

5 5

0 0

75 80 Degree85of compaction
90 %95 100
 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
according to (Chengula & Mnkeni, 2021) cinder from ituha are
non-plastic material with the MDD of 1650 kg/m3 with OMC of
13% and CBR 17.6% at 95% MDD
which are slightly differ from the obtained from the laboratory
test which are MDD of 1507kg/m3 with 15% OMC and the CBR
of 25% at 95%of MDD

 (MDD) &(OMC) were observed to be 1270 kg/m3 and

27 % for cinder and average value of soaked CBR be
108 by (Sinha at el, March 2015).
 DISCUSSION OF RESULT

MDD of 1139kg/m3 at OMC of 20% and the CBR

value for 96hours soaked was obtained as 15%

at95% MDD

MDD of 1362kg/m3 and 1298kg/m3 for two

different sample CBR result of the same sample were

as follows 0.8% and 0.9% respectively for the soaked

sample (Robel Tewelde Mesut P. E., July2019) .

 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
 (Saltan,Kaval, & Ertem, December 2011) reported
that the pumice is non-plastic material with the CBR
value of 26.52 %

The crushability of pumice material result was

from 34.98 to 46.23 value

This make the pumice not meet the specification

for wearing course material as will cause the
corrugation and raveling of wearing surface.
 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
At70% of cinder and 10% of clay the spefications as SP
minimum 140 and GC of 14 minimum (MoWCT,
November 2016) but this proportional obtained the SP
value of 68
At 15% of the clay in the mixture plasticity properties of
the blended material was seem to increase to the value of
SP of 150 and GC of 29.7.
• Proportional of 65% of cinder ,20%of pumice and 15%of
clay blended material meet [] as per (MoWCT, November
2016)
• The increase of the clay amounts the proportional
decreased the CBR value of the mixture this is according
to (Saltan, Kavlak, & Ertem, December 2011).
 CONCLUSION
cinder material has no plastic but have the CBR value of
30% at 95% of MDD and GC of 36 Hence the material is
no suitable for wearing course

Pumice has no plastic and CBR value of15 % at 95% of

MDD and GC of 35 material is not suitable for wearing

(crushability )cause the pumice to increase the GC to 46

be used as the wearing surface materials

65CI.20% PU and the 15% that meet the specification in

both the strength and indicator for performance criteria
SPECIFICATION FOR WEARING
SURFACE FOR GRAVEL ROADS
 SPECIFICATION FOR WEARING SURFACE FOR GRAVEL ROADS

s/n Parameters Specifications

limits

1 Maximum nominals size 37.5mm

2 Minimum percentage passing 95

%
3 Shrinkage products (SP) 140-400(260)

4 Grading coefficient (GC) 14-30

 RECOMMENDATION
Therefore, the cinder can be used as the unbound layer of the

low volume road if the surfacing material is other than gravel

material

Hence should not be used rather to the subgrade as it meets

the minimum CBR for subgrade material.

Proportional of cinder .pumice and clay to be used as the

wearing surfacing are 65%,20% and 15% respectively.so site

supervision during construction should be monitored to make

 REFERENCES
Abdul Gaus, Imran, Chairul Anwar and Normila Sari, The

Effects of the Use of Pumice on Precast Concrete Mixture for

Highway Drainage. International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology 10(11), 2019, pp. 177-183

Chengula D.&J.Mnkeni (2021). Improving Properties of

Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume

Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. American Journal of

ConstructionandBuildingMaterials,Vol5(No1),pp.22-31.

doi:10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
 REFERENCES cont.…..
Craig,R (2004). Craig’s Soil Mechanics (Vol. seventh edition).

London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group

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(1993)

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 REFFERENCES cont ………..
Hearn, G,. at el (2018). Engineering geology of cinder

gravel in Ethiopia: prospecting, testing and application to

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 REFFERENCES
Mesfun R.,(July2019). “Experimental study of stabilized
expansive soil using pumice mixed with lime for Subgrade
road construction”. International Journal of
ResearchGranthaalayah,,7(7),118-124.doi:10.528/.335

Ministry of Roads and bridge South Sudan (may,2013). low

volume road maintenance booklet

Ministry of Works ,Transport and communication (November

2016). Low volume roads manual. Dar es salaam, Tanzania:
Gold print. doi: ISBN: 978-9976-9974-08
 REFFERENCES
cont…………………..
Neville A.M.. (2002). Properties of concrete,England:
Pearson Education Limited

Ömür Çimen, Mehmet Saltan and S. Nilay

Keskin(2015). Stabilization of clayey subgrade with
waste pumice for road infrastructure, 583–590.
doi10.1515/secm-2013-0315

Shetty. M. (2000). Concrete Technology Theory and Practice.

New Delhi: S.CHAND

 THE END
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