LESSON 1: SETS

SETS
The groups are called sets.
Set maybe thought as a
collection of objects.
WELL- DEFINED SET
In mathematics, set is a well-defined group
or collection of objects that share common
characteristics. The object contained in the
set are called elements.
A set can be named using capital
letters A, B, C, D, …. Z and we use
braces { } to group the elements of set
seperated by commas.
If a set contains many element, we
often use three dots … called ellipsis.
EXAMPLE OF WELL DEFINED SETS

1. The set of primary colors

M = {red, yellow, blue}
2. The set of all even numbers.
E = {2, 4, 6, 8…..}
3. The set of all multiples of 5.
Y = {5, 10, 15…….}
4. The set of letter in the word “arrange”
O = {a, r, n, g, e}
EXAMPLE OF NOT WELL DEFINED SETS

1.The set of famous dancers.

2.The set of punctual
students in your class.
3.The set of honest people.
What’s more
State whether each of the following sets is well- defined or not. Write your
answer in the space provided before the number.

1. The set of young politician.

2. The set of types of matters.
3. The set of versatile actress.
4. The set of all ocean of the earth.
5. The set of months containing 31 days.
6. The set of tasty food.
7. The set of planets in our solar system.
8. The set of durable bags.
9. The set of consonant in the English Alphabet.
10. The set of even counting numbers
LESSON 2: SUBSETS, UNVERSAL SETS,
NULL SETS AND CARDINALITY OF
SETS
QUARTER 1: MODULE 1 - SETS
UNIVERASAL SETS
The universal sets U is the set
that contains all objects under
consideration.
EXAMPLE

1. The sets U contains the set of whole numbers

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…..}
2. The sets U contains the set of all letters of the
English Alphabet.
U = {A, B, C, D, …..}
3. The sets U contains the set of days of the
week.
U = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,..}
SUBSETS
Given any two sets A an B, if every
element in A is also an element in B,
then A is a subsets of B. The symbol
“A B” is read A is a subsets of B.
EXAMPLE
1. R = {1, 2}
The possible subsets are:
Two One Zero
elements element element
{1, 2} {1}, {2} { } or
EXAMPLE
1. O = {red, yellow, blue}
The possible subsets are:
Three Two One Zero
element elements element element
{red, {red, {red}, { } or
yellow, yellow}, {yellow},
blue} {red, blue}, {blue}
{yellow,
blue}
NULL SETS
A set with no element is an empty set
or null set. The symbol for empty set
is { } or .
CARDINALITY SETS
The cardinal number of set A, denoted
by n(A), Is the number of elements in
set a. Thus, in a = {1,3,5,7}, n(A) = 4
because set A contains 4 element.
EXAMPLE
1. Set D is the set of vowels in English Alphabet.
Sol’n: D = {a, e, I, o, u}
Answer: n(D) = 5

2. Set R is the set of letters in the word “difficulty”.

Sol’n: R = {d, i, f, c, u, l, t, y}
Answer: n(R) = 8
QUIZ ALERT:
Find the cardinality of the following sets.

1. Set A is the set days in a week.

2. Set B is the set of letters in the word “recognition”.
3. Set C is the set of even numbers.
4. Set D is the set of odd numbers.
5. Set E is the set of types of matters.
LESSON 3: Union and Intersection of Sets
and the Difference of Two sets
 OPERATION OF SETS
NAME SYMBOL DEFINITION
Union Is the set containing all
element that are in A or in B.
Intersection The set that consist of all
element that are both in A
and B
difference - Is a set of element in A that
are not B.
UNION OF SETS
The union of set A and B, written as A
B, is the set of elements that are
members of A, or members of B, or
members of both A and B.
EXAMPLE
1. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

2. If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, e, I, o, u}

A B = {a, b, c, d, e, I, o, u}
INTERSECTION OF SETS
The intersection of two set A and
B, written as AB, is the set of all
elements common to both A and
B.
EXAMPLE
1. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
AB = {1, 2}

2. If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, e, I, o, u}

A B = {a}
DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS
The difference of set A and B,
written as A - B, is the set of
elements in A that are not in B.
EXAMPLE
1. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
A B = {3}
B – A = {4, 5, 6}

2. If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, e, I, o, u}

A B = {b, c, d}
B – A = {e, I, o, u}
QUIZ ALERT:
Perform the following operations on sets.

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

1. AB
2. A B
3. A B
LESSON 1: PROBLEMS
INVOLVING SETS
QUARTER 1: MODULE 2 – PROBLEM
INVOLVING SETS
VENN DIAGRAM
Is a principal way of showing sets
diagrammatically. This method consist
primarily of entering the elements of set
into circle. It can be used to solve word
problems involving union and intersection
of sets.
Steps.
1. Determine what is given and what are being
asked.
2. Illustrate using the Venn Diagram.
3. Determine what operation to be used
4. Use the operation
5. Answer the question being asked.
ACTIVITY 1.

1.Let A and B be two finite

sets such that n(A) = 20,
n(B) = 28, n(A B) = 36. Find
n(AB).
LESSON 1: Representing Absolute
Value of a Number Line
ABSOLUTE VALUE
Is a number is the distance of a
number from zero. Remember
distance its self is always positive.
The absolute value of a number n
is written as [n].
…
If x is a positive integer, then
the absolute value of x is x.
In symbol:
..
If x is to zero, then the
absolute value of x is x.
In symbol:
.
If x is a negative integer, then
the absolute value of x is the
opposite of x.
In symbol:
LESSON 2: Addition of
Integers
QUARTER 1: MODULE 3 – Absolute
Value and Operation on Integers
ADDITION OF INTEGERS USING
SIGNED TILES
Let + represents +1; - represent
-1. Now, when we combine
one + with one - , they will
cancel each other.
ADDITION OF INTEGERS USING
SIGNED TILES
However, when we combine one +
with another +, they will appear as +
+.
When we combine one – with another
- , they will appear as - -.
LESSON 2.2: PROPERTIES
OF REAL NUMBERS
QUARTER 1: MODULE 5 – PROPERTIES
OF REAL NUMBERS
 PROPERTIES OF REAL
NUMBERS
In performing fundamental operations on
real numbers, a set of mathematical laws
called Properties of real numbers is
needed. These properties are statement are
true to all real numbers.
Closure Property of Addition
● If x and y are real
numbers, then the sum z =
x + y is also a real
number.
 Closure Property of
Multiplication
● If x and y are real
numbers, then the product
z = xy is also a real
number.
 Closure Property give
the assurance that the
sum or product of any
two real numbers is also
a real number.
 Commutative Property of
Addition
● If x and y are real
numbers, then
x+y=y+x
 Commutative Property of
Multiplication
● If x and y are real
numbers, then
xy = yx
 The commutative
Properties state that the
order of the addends or
factors does not change the
sum or product,
respectively.
 Associative Property of
Addition
● If x, y and z are real
numbers, then
(x + y) + z = x (y + z)
 Associative Property of
Multiplication
● If x, y and z are real
numbers, then
(xy) z = x (yz)
 The associative Properties
state that the groupings of
the addends or factors does
not change the sum or
product, respectively.
 Distribute Property of
multiplication over addition
● If x, y and z are real
numbers, then
x(y + z) = xy + xz and
(x + y) z = xz + yz
Multiplication is said
to be distribute over
addition and
subtraction.
Identify Property of Addition

● If x are real numbers, then

x+0=0+x=x
 Identify Property of
Multiplication
● If x are real numbers, then
(x) 1 = 1 (x) = x
Zero (0) is the additive identify
element, and one (1) is the
multiplicative identify element.
These imply that the sum or
product of any real number and 0 –
1, respectively, will result to a real
number.
Inverse Property of Addition
If x is are real numbers, then
there exists another real
number (-x) such that
x + (-x) = 0
If the sum of two real
numbers is 0, the real
numbers are said to be
additive inverse or
opposite.
 Inverse Property of
Multiplication
If x is are real numbers, and
x 0, there exist another real
number such that
If the product of two nonzero
real numbers is 1, the real
numbers are said to be
multiplicative inverse or
reciprocals.
Zero Property of Multiplication

If x is are real numbers,

then
(x) (0) = (0) (x) = 0
 THE SET OF DECIMAL
● A fraction whose denominator is 10 or
any power of 10 is referred to as decimal
fraction or simply decimal. Decimals are
often written in place value form as
extension of the decimals system which
is based on the number 10.
 THE SET OF DECIMAL
For instance, the decimal
fraction is written as 0.1, is
written as 0.04 and is written
as 0.031
 THE SET OF DECIMAL
Any common fraction can be
converted to decimal by using
long division of the numerator
by the denominator.
EXAMPLE 1.
Convert each to decimal by
long division
A. B.
The given example suggest
two kinds of decimal namely:
a. Terminating
b. Repeating and
nonterminating
The bar on top of the digit
indicates that the digit is
repeated endlessly the
ellipsis (…) indicates
nontermination.
EXAMPLE 2.
Convert each to decimal by
lowest terms

a. 0.41 b. 0.125
EXAMPLE 2.
Convert each to decimal by
lowest terms

a. 0.41 b. 0.125
EXAMPLE 3.
a. A speed of 451.84 m/s
is increased by 8.5 m/s.
find the new speed.
EXAMPLE 3.
b. The temperature at 6a.m
is 29.5 ̊c and the
temperature at 9a.m is 32.1
̊c . What is the temperature
change?
EXAMPLE 3.
c. What is the area of a
rectangular board whose
dimension are 1.25m and
8.7m?
EXAMPLE 3.
d. How many 1.5cm
ribbon can be cut from
a 2m ribbon?
THE SET OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Squaring a number means multiplying the
number by itself. The square of 3, written
as , and read as “three squared”, is (3)(3) =
9. the square of – 3 is ( = (-3)(-3) = 9. since
9 is the result of squaring a number, 9 is an
example of perfect square.
Perfect Square Factored Form Square Root
1 = (1) (1) 1
4 = (2) (2) 2
9 = (3) (3) 3
16 = (4) (4) 4
25 = (5) (5) 5
36 = (6) (6) 6
49 = (7) (7) 7
64 = (8) (8) 8
Every nonzero real number has
two square roots, one positive and
one negative. The positive square
root of a positive real number is
called the principal square root of
that number.
The square root of a number n is
written in symbol as . The
characrter is called a radical sign,
and the number n under the
radical sign called radicand.
EXAMPLE 1.
Find the indicated
square root.
a. b.
EXAMPLE 1.
Find the indicated
square root.
c. d.
 Let’s
Practice
Activity 1: Squared Me!
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
 We’re wise
Learning math is really fun
New ideas every time
There is joy for everyone
Problem solving satisfies
I am glad, you are glad
For your answer are all right
We all think that we are bright
Solving problems make us wise.