REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES-I (CEng3111)

Chapter Three:
Limit State Design
For Shear

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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Shear stress distribution

 Shear failure modes of beams

 Design for shear as per EBCS EN 2

 Bond Stress

 Development length

 Bar cutoff

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 Introduction
 In structural members a combination of forces such as shear,
flexure moment, axial force, and torsional moment could exist.

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 Shear failure mode is frequently sudden and brittle compared with
flexural tension failure.
 Therefore the designer must ensure that the shear strength of the
member must be somewhat in excess of the maximum flexural
strength.
 The shear forces and shear stresses will exist in those parts of a beam
where the moment changes from section to section. By the
traditional theory for homogeneous, elastic, uncracked beams.

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 Two types of cracks can be seen.
 1, The vertical cracks occurred first, due to flexural stresses. These start
at the bottom of the beam where the flexural stresses are the largest.
 2, The inclined cracks at the ends of the beam are due to combined shear
flexure. These are commonly referred to as inclined cracks, shear cracks or
diagonal tension cracks. Such cracks must exist before a beam can fail in
shear.
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Average shear stress between cracks

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 Shear failure modes of beams
 Bending in reinforced beams is usually accompanied by shear, the
exact analysis of which is very complex. However, from
experimental studies the failure modes due to possible combination
of shear and bending moment can be discussed.
 Detail discussion on the types of failure modes due to shear is
beyond the scope, only the main concepts are discussed for the
design of beams in shear.
 In a reinforced concrete member, flexure and shear combine to
create a biaxial state of stress. The trajectory of the principal stresses
so generated as shown in the figure below.

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 From the figure on previous slide one can observe that the principal
stress in the concrete can cause failure either by cracking of
concrete due to the principal tensile stress in the tension zone of the
concrete or by crushing of concrete due to the principal
compression stress at the extreme fiber of concrete in the
compression zone.
 This type of failure is called diagonal compression failure and it
occurs when the diagonal crack penetrates the compression zone.
 To guard against the diagonal compression failure, the Ethiopian
Building Code has fixed the upper limit for maximum allowable
shear stress in a member.

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 Mechanism of shear resistance in R.C.C. beam
 The ultimate limit state of R.C.C. beam for shear is characterized by
either diagonal compression failure or failure of web reinforcement
due to diagonal tension.
 Shear resistance is contributed from:
 The shear reinforcement
 The concrete in the uncracked portion the compression zone
 The mechanical interlock of aggregate at the crack, and
 The dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement.

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 The shear reinforcements don’t prevent inclined crack form
forming; the effect of stirrup become significant after the crack
has formed.
 The critical section for shear is considered to be located at a
distance “d” from the face the support.

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 Design for shear as per EBCS EN 2
 In reinforced concrete design, the flexural members must develop
full moment capacity rather than having its strength limited by the
premature shear failure.
 Therefore, to increase the shear strength of the section web
reinforcement is required. To fully utilize the flexural resistance of
the section and to avoid brittle failure
 The shear strength of R.C.C. the total sum of the web reinforcement,
the shear resisted by the concrete in the compression zone, the dowel
action of the longitudinal reinforcement, and the mechanical
interlock of aggregate at the crack.
 In design, except the contribution of the web reinforcement lumped
together as 𝑉𝐶.
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 Limiting value of shear force
 The shear strength of reinforced concrete with the reinforcement is
restricted to some maximum value depending on the grade of the
concrete to avoid diagonal compression failure.
 According to EBCS-EN 2, 1992 the shear resistance V Rd of a section
shall not be less than the applied shear force, Vsd.

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 Shear resistance of concrete
 According to EBCS-EN 2,1992 sec. 4.5.3 the shear force carried by
the concrete in members without significant axial forces shall be
taken as:

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𝜶
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 The practical design procedure recommended by EBCS-EN 2, 1992
is essentially empirical and may be summarized as follows:
 Calculate,
 𝑉𝐶 (Shear force carried by the concrete),
 𝑉𝑅𝑑 (Limiting value of shear force) to avoid diagonal
compression failure in the concrete, and
 𝑉𝑠𝑑 (the design shear force at the section to be designed)

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 Case i (𝑽𝒔𝒅≥ 𝑽𝑹𝒅)
 In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in concrete the
shear resistance VRd of a section shall not be less than the applied
shear force Vsd. Otherwise, the section fails by diagonal
compression failure, unless the dimension of the section increases.
Case ii (𝑽𝒔𝒅≤ 𝑽𝑪)
 Since the shear resistance of the concrete is greater than the design
shear force; provide only the minimum (nominal) web
reinforcement, 𝝆w, min.

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 Case iii (𝑽𝑪< 𝑽𝒔𝒅<𝑽𝑹𝒅)
 Here the R.C.C. section will fail by diagonal tension failure
unless shear reinforcement is provided.
 Therefore, provide shear reinforcement, and the spacing, S is
calculated as follows:

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 Bond stress
 In a R.C.C. (reinforced cement concrete) beam the flexural
compressive force and flexural tensile stress are resisted by the
concrete and the reinforcement, respectively.
 The bond between the steel and the concrete is very important and
essential so that they can act together without any slip in a loaded
structure.
 There should be force transfer among the concrete and the steel in
order to have this combined effect.
 “Bond stress” is the name assigned to the shear stress at the concrete-
bar interface.

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 In R.C.C. beam were constructed using plain round reinforcing bars,
and, furthermore, if those bars were to be greased or otherwise
lubricated before the concrete were poured, the beam would be very
little stronger than if it were built of plain concrete, without
reinforcement.
 Two types of ultimate bond failure can be observed:
 A, Direct pull out of the bar
 This occurs when relatively small diameter bars are used with
sufficient large concrete cover distance and bar spacing.
 B, Splitting of the concrete
 This occurs when confinement or bar spacing is insufficient to resist
lateral concrete tension.
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 Bond failure resulting from splitting of the concrete is more common
in beams than direct pullout.
 If the natural bond strength in reinforced concrete is low, then the
bond between the steel and concrete will be broken frequently and, it
results in larger deflection and greater width of crack.
 Therefore, the beam will fail by bond failure than by bending or
shear.
 According to EBCS-EN 2,1992; for good bond condition, the design
bond strength, fbd, of reinforcing bars may be obtained by:

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 Development length
 Development length, ld, is defined as the length of embedment
necessary to develop the full tensile strength of the bar,
controlled by either pullout of bars or splitting of concrete.
 A lapped splice transfers the force from one bar to another
through the concrete surrounding the bars, this generate high
shear stress and splitting force.
 Due to the stress influence of the two bars in the surrounding
concrete a large development length is required for lapped
splices than for anchorage.

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 In general, to ensure integrity of the member, the length of the bar
from any point (with steel stress f s or at most fy) to its nearby free
end must be at least equal to the development length.
 However, if the actual available length is inadequate for full
development, special anchorage like hooks or bends must be
provided.
 The required anchorage length lb,net depends on the type of
anchorage and on the stress in the reinforcement and according to
EBCS-2, 1995 it can be calculated as:

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Lapped splices

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 Bar cutoff
 For economy some bars are cut off where they are no longer needed where
the remaining bars are adequate to carry the tension.
 The location of points where bars are cutoff is a function of the tension due
to moment and shear.

 The flexure envelope tension diagram will be displaced horizontally

by a1.

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 Example 3.1: Rectangular simply supported beam with span length
of 6m is shown below supports a uniformily distributed dead load of
20kN/m, including its own weight, and a uniformily distributed
service live load of 25 kN/m. Design the beam for shear. Assume
C25 concrete strength, S400 steel reinforcements and Class I work
are to be used.
w

L=6m

h=300mm

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b=200mm
THANK YOU!!

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