Ferrites and Graphene Composite For

Dielectric Applications
Department of Physics, UIS, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab

Name: Anand Sagar

UID: 22MSP10028
M.Sc. 1st Year
2nd semester
 Research Objective
Improvement in dielectric material by doping of graphene in ferrites and
make a composite of these material for better absorption of
Electromagnetic waves
Or
To make a improved Electromagnetic interference shielding material.
 Why we need ?
1. Electronics and Telecommunications: EMI shielding materials are commonly used in electronic
devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other communication equipment. They help
prevent interference from external electromagnetic sources and reduce the emissions of
electromagnetic radiation from these devices.
2. Medical Devices: In the medical field, EMI shielding materials are employed in devices like MRI
machines, pacemakers, and other sensitive medical equipment. Shielding is necessary to prevent
interference that could affect the proper functioning of these devices and ensure patient safety.
3. Aerospace and Defense: EMI shielding materials play a crucial role in aerospace and defense
applications. They are used in aircraft, satellites, radar systems, and military equipment to protect
sensitive electronics from electromagnetic interference, which can impact communication systems
and compromise mission-critical operations.
4. Automotive Industry: Modern vehicles contain numerous electronic components and systems,
including navigation systems, entertainment systems, and engine control units. EMI shielding
materials are employed to reduce electromagnetic interference within the vehicle and shield
sensitive electronics from external interference sources like cell phones or radio towers.
 Ferrite Nanoparticles (FNPs)
• They belong to a Broad group of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
• FNPs are metal oxides with spinel structure of general formula AB 2O4 . ,
where A and B are metallic cations positioned at two different
crystallographic sites
• For the chemicals to be named ferrite, at least, there must be iron (III) in the
chemical formula. The common examples for ferrites are MFe 2O4 (where M
= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn).
• Most of them show superparamagnetic (SPM) properties at the size below
or about 20 nm in diameter
• There are 64 tetrahedral and 32 octahedral positions are available for
cations, out of which only 8 tetrahedral and 24 octahedral are occupied by
cations
• The magnetic properties of FNPs are directly proportional to the type and
distribution of the cations at octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the spinel
structure

Source:
1. Ferrite nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterisation and applications in electronic device - ScienceDirect
 Types of ferrites

1. HARD FERRITES: Hard ferrites have high coercivity, so are difficult to demagnetize. They are used to make permanent
magnets for applications such as:
• Refrigerator magnets
• Loudspeakers
• Small electric motors.

2. SOFT FERRITES: They are used in the electronics industry to make efficient magnetic cores called ferrite cores. They
are used as:
• High-frequency inductors
• Transformers
• Antennas
• In various microwave components.
 Coercivity

• Coercive force, is the ability of a ferromagnetic material to withstand an external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized.
• Coercivity is usually measured in oersted or ampere/meter units and denoted by HC.

Source:
Understanding Coercivity - Ideal Magnet Solutions Knowledge Base
 Application Areas of FNPs.

Some Important Applications of FNPs:

• Sensors and Biosensors

• Energy storage
• Microwave device
• Electromagnetic interference shielding
• Recording media

Source:
1. Ferrite nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterisation and applications in electronic device - ScienceDirect
 Summary of Synthesis methods and Applications of FNPs

Synthesis methods FNPs prepared Solvent/acids/base Temp. (C) Size (nm) Use
used
Co-precipitation Fe3O4 H2O, sodium 80 10-25
Fe3O4-Ni Fe3O4-La dodecylbenzene
Sulfonate
(NH3.H2O),
Fe3O4 H2O/NH4OH 65 <100
Fe3O4-Au NH4OH/sodium 75 25-30
citrate
Hydrothermal ZnFe2O4 Ethanol 180 10-50 Radio-sensitizers in
cancer therapy
Ascorbic acid 180 10 Acetone sensor
Fe3O4 Sodium oleate 230 10.5 Biomedical
Sol-gel NiFe2O4 Citric acid 400 11
NiFe2O4-SiO2 10
CoFe2O4 Deionized H2O, EG 750 18.5 Magnetic recording
and EDTA
Thermal CoxFe3-xO4 Benzyl/phenyl 200 8 Cancer therapy
decomposition ether
Fe and Fe3O4 Diethylene glycol, 120-165 5.41-7.38 Industrial and
diethyl ether, Oleic medical
acid
PEG-(COOH)2- Triethylene glycol, 280 24-34 Catalyst
 Graphene
Graphene is an atomically-thin, 2-dimensional (2D) sheet of sp2 carbon atoms in a honeycomb structure:

• Graphene has high mechanical strength

• High electrical conductivity
• Molecular barrier abilities
• 100x stronger than steel
• Light weighted material

Source:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ff/6a/ac/ff6aaccc7bd74cfbf221b1a1c97083b4.jpg
 Forms of Graphene

• Graphene production methods can be classified broadly as "Top Down“ and

"Bottom Up".

• "Top Down" methods start with a feedstock material such as graphite and
through various methods (physical, electrical, chemical, etc.) exfoliate
individual layers of carbon.

• "Bottom Up" methods start with a carbon feedstock such as methane gas that
under controlled conditions (such as Chemical Vapor Deposition-CVD) is
deposited on a substrate material (such as copper) in single or multiple layers.
 Types Of Graphene

Graphene Materials:

• Pristine graphene
• Graphene Oxide (GO)
• Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
• Graphene Powder, Solution or Paste Graphene Nano Platelets
• GOQD

Source:
1. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites - ScienceDirect
 Properties Of Graphene Oxide

Graphene used for Enhancing Properties of our

Material such as:

• Mechanical Properties
• Electrical Properties
• Thermal Properties
 Preparation of GO and RGO

“Top Down” Method which Used to

prepare GO and RGO :

• Hummers Method
• Improved Method
• Hummers Modified Method

Source:
1. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites - ScienceDirect
Literature Survey on Ferrite and Graphene Composite
S.No. Journal Name Paper Title Publishing Year Work Done Results

1. Journal of Nano-materials Reduced 2020 • XRD and The composites exhibit remarkably
Graphene Oxide- TEM have improved electromagnetic performance
CoFe2O4/FeCo been with enhanced reflection loss of −53.1
Nanoparticle performed dB and bandwidth of 7 GHz at a
Composites for • RGO- relatively thin thickness of 2.2 mm
Electromagnetic CoFe2O4/
Wave Absorption FeCo multi-
phase
nanocomposite
s were
prepared by the
hydrothermal
and co-
reduction
process
2. Journal of Alloys and Manganese and 2019 • X-ray • MFG and ZFG nanocomposites
Compounds zinc ferrite based Diffraction, were successfully prepared and
graphene SEM, TEM, further utilized as HER
nanocomposites Linear Sweep electrocatalysts.
for Voltammetry • The electrochemical performance of
electrochemical (LSV), the nanocomposites exhibited
hydrogen • The catalytic excellent activity towards HER.
evolution reaction behaviour of • Electrochemical tests indicate that as
the fabricated compared with the bare electrode,the
 Synthesis of Ferrites and Graphene
Composite
The synthesis of ferrites and graphene composite can be achieved
through various methods such as sol-gel, co-precipitation,
hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted techniques. The choice of
method depends on the desired properties and applications of the
composite.
In general, the synthesis involves the dispersion of graphene in a ferrite
precursor solution followed by heat treatment to form the composite.
The resulting composite exhibits improved magnetic and electrical
properties compared to the individual components.
 Schematic diagram of the preparation and
characterization process of RGO-CoFe2O4/FeCo
nanocomposites.
 Nanomaterial by Sol-Gel Method:
The sol-gel method is a versatile and widely used process for the fabrication of various materials, including
ceramics, glasses, thin films, and composites. It involves the transformation of a sol (a stable colloidal
suspension of nanoparticles) into a gel network and subsequent solidification to form the desired material.
Here's an overview of the sol-gel method:

1. Sol preparation
2. Gelation
3. Aging and drying
4. Optional additional processing
5. Characterization and application
References:
1. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/re
duced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites - ScienceD
irect
 Co-precipitation method:
• Coprecipitation is defined as the process of 2 or more solutes precipitating
together from a solution required metal cations, taken as soluble salts are co-
precipitated from a common medium generally in a form of hydroxides, oxalates,
carbonates or citrates the mixture is filtrated dried and then heated to give the
final product.

Procedure:
• The coprecipitation technique involves the
precipitation of metal in the form of
hydroxide from a salt precursor with the
help of a base in a solvent.
XRD of RGO-CoFe2O4/FeCo
nanocomposites.
 References
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0921510716301672?via%3Dihub
•https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921510716
301672?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921510716
1.
301672?via%3Dihub
Enhanced Microwave Absorption Property of Reduced Graphene Oxi
2.
de (RGO)-MnFe2O4 Nanocomposites and Polyvinylidene Fluoride | A
CS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced gr
3.
aphene oxide and their nanocomposites - ScienceDirect