PL/SQL Concepts

Presentation Made By
Parama Hamsa
 PL/SQL Architecture

 PL/SQL resides in two environments:

The Oracle database server
Oracle tools
 PL/SQL block is an anonymous /
Unnamed block
Figure
 Advantages of PL/SQL
 PL/SQL is a completely portable, high-
performance transaction processing language that
offers the following advantages:
Support for SQL
Support for object-oriented programming
Better performance
Higher productivity
Full portability
Tight integration with Oracle
Tight security
 PL/SQL Block
 DECLARE birthdate DATE;
BEGIN
DECLARE birthdate DATE;
BEGIN ...
IF birthdate = outer.birthdate
THEN ...
ENDIF
END; ...
Exception
…….
 END;
PL/SQL Data Type Conversion
 Data Type Conversion occurs in:
 Implicit Conversion
Number Data type to char / varchar
does fall under this category
 Explicit Conversion
Date type data does need an explicit
conversion
PL/SQL Control Structures

 Conditional Control: IF and CASE Statement

 Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT Statement

 Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL Statem

Contd.
 PL/SQL Control Structures
 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement
IF condition THEN

sequence_of_statements1
ELSE
sequence_of_statements2
END IF;
 PL/SQL Control Structures
 CASE Statement
CASE grade
WHEN 'A' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
WHEN 'B' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Very Good');
WHEN 'C' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Good'); WHEN 'D'
THEN dbms_output.put_line('Fair');
WHEN 'F' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Poor'); ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
LOOP and EXIT Statements
 Exit
LOOP ...
IF credit_rating < 3 THEN ...
EXIT; -- exit loop
immediately
END IF;
END LOOP; -- control resumes here
WHILE-LOOP
WHILE condition LOOP
sequence_of_statements
END LOOP;
 Cursors
 Cursors are of two types:
Implicit Cursor
PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for
all SQL data manipulation statements,
including queries that return only one row.
Explicit Cursor
For queries that return more than one row,
you must declare an explicit cursor
 Cursor Processing
 Declare A cursor
You name and associate it with a Sql select
statement
 Syntax
CURSOR cursor_name
[(parameter[, parameter]...)]
[RETURN return_type] IS
select_statement;
 Cursor Processing
 Opening a Cursor
Opening the cursor executes the query and identifies
the result set. For ex: Open c1
 Passing cursor parameters
use the OPEN statement to pass parameters to a
cursor
DECLARE emp_name
emp.ename%TYPE; salary
emp.sal%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 (name VARCHAR2, salary
NUMBER) IS
OPEN c1(emp_name, 3000);
 Cursor Processing
 Fetching with a Cursor
The FETCH statement retrieves the rows
in the result set one at a time. Each fetch
retrieves the current row and then advances
the cursor to the next row in the result set.
For ex:
FETCH c1 INTO my_empno,
my_ename, my_deptno;
 Cursor Processing
 Close Cursor
The CLOSE statement disables the cursor,
and the result set becomes undefined. Once
a cursor is closed, you can reopen it. Any
other operation on a closed cursor raises
the predefined exception
INVALID_CURSOR.
 Cursors
 Using Cursor FOR Loops
In most situations that require an explicit cursor,
you can simplify coding by using a cursor FOR
loop instead of the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE
statements. A cursor FOR loop implicitly
declares its loop index as a %ROWTYPE record,
opens a cursor, repeatedly fetches rows of values
from the result set into fields in the record, and
closes the cursor when all rows have been
processed.
 Cursor For Loops
DECLARE result temp.col1%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT n1, n2, n3 FROM data_table
WHERE exper_num = 1;
BEGIN
FOR c1_rec IN c1 LOOP /* calculate
and store the results */
result := c1_rec.n2 / (c1_rec.n1 +
c1_rec.n3); INSERT INTO temp
VALUES (result, NULL, NULL);
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;
 Subprograms
 Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks that can
take parameters and be invoked. PL/SQL has two
types of subprograms called procedures and
functions. Generally, you use a procedure to
perform an action and a function to compute a
value.
 Like unnamed or anonymous PL/SQL blocks,
subprograms have a declarative part, an
executable part, and an optional exception-
handling part
 Subprograms
 Advantages of Subprograms
Provides extensibility
That is, they let you tailor the PL/SQL
language to suit your needs.
Provides Modularity
That is, they let you break a program down
into manageable, well-defined modules. This
supports top-down design and the stepwise
refinement approach to problem solving.
Promotes reusability and maintainability
Aids abstraction, the mental process of deriving a
universal from particulars
 Reference
 http://download-
west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appd
ev.920/a96624/