Basic Networking

Fundamentals
PREPARED BY ROGELIO M. DAGARAGA JR.
BSIT 3 INSTRUCTOR
Basic Networking Fundamentals
NET 102 Networking 2

What is a Network?

A network is created when you have two or more hosts or clients connected together so that
they can communicate and share resources. It’s as simple as that, but there are so much more to
learn. Lets continue!
A host can be any device which has a “network interface” which allows it to connect to other
devices on a network.
Some example of resources which can be shared are Personal Computer (PC) and Printers.
The PC can send and receive data to/from the printer.
But printer can not send data to the PC, it can only
receive.

Except…
Some modern printers already have a scanner.
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What are some of the different types of networks?

◦ Client/Server
◦ Peer-to-Peer (Client-to-client)
◦ LANs/CANs/MANs/WANs

• How do we make connections?

• What is a Protocol?
• Introduction to addressing
◦ Private vs. Public
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Client
What are some of the different types of networks?

Client/Server
◦ In a Client/Server network, hosts will act specifically as
a server, the provider of resources and client will be the Server Client
receiver of resources.

◦ Server can send and receive data to/from Client.

◦ Client can not send data to Server, Client only receive.

Client
◦ Uses Ethernet cable or UTP cable with RJ-45
connectors. (straight-through)
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What are some of the different types of networks?

Peer-to-Peer
◦ In a Peer-to-Peer network every hosts or devices will
act as a server AND a client.

◦ Each hosts or devices can send and receive data

from/to each other.

◦ Also uses Ethernet Cable or UTP cable. (crossover)

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What are some of the different types of networks?

LAN – Local Area Network

◦ Typically refers to a network contained within a building.
◦ Both Client/Server and Peer-to-peer are Local Area Network.

◦ From the word local, meaning in one physical location such as

building, office or home.

◦ It depends on the network manager what type of LAN to use,

either Client/Server or Peer-to-peer.

◦ Home/Office Wi-Fi is also a Local Area Network but wireless.

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What are some of the different types of networks?

CAN – Campus Area Network

◦ A network spread between multiple contiguous buildings or
campus.

◦ Contains two or more Local Area Networks (LAN)

connected to the same router.
◦ Also uses Ethernet Cable or UTP cable. (straight-through &
crossover)

◦ Precaution: Ethernet cables/UTP cables can travel up to 100

meters before suffering from Attenuation (the loss of signal
strength in networking cables or connections)
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What are some of the different types of networks?

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

◦ A network spread between multiple noncontiguous buildings
within the single metropolitan area. Ex. Metro Manila
◦ The distance between buildings are noncontiguous or kilometers
apart, Fiber Optic network media connection is being used now,
not the Ethernet cables.

◦ Ex. Pldt Home Fibr,

but the goal of Pldt Home Fibr is to connect you to the cloud, not to
connect for use on a specific goal of organization/company.
◦ Most companies or organizations keep their data private, that
only the employees/assigned personnel can access their data.
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What are some of the different types of networks?

WAN – Wide Area Network

◦ A network spread over a wide area, typically covering multiple
cities and countries.
◦ (WAN) is the technology that connects your offices, data centers,
cloud applications, and cloud storage together. It is called a wide-
area network because it spans beyond a single building or large
campus to include multiple locations spread across a specific
geographic area, or even the world.
◦ The big example of wide area network is internet. On internet we
transfer files from one computer to other. There is ftp (file
transfer protocol), http (hypertext transfer protocol) and https
protocols are used to transfer files on the internet.
◦ Pldt Fibr can also be considered WAN.
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How do we make connections?

Network hosts communicate with each other by sending bits of information across network
media.
Comparison: Wired vs Wireless
Network media can be wired or wireless.
Wired connection is undeniably faster and more reliable
connection you can have compared to a Wireless connection
or Wi-Fi.
Why?
Ethernet / Wired connections are faster because you're essentially hard-wired into the
internet. The chance of losing connection or experiencing latency issues is much lower. Signal
interference when using Wi-Fi compromises stability, as well as physical interference like
walls or objects nearby. Wired connection reduces any holdups in transmission and gives you
faster speeds.

Switch In wired connections, Routers are necessary for an Internet

connection, while Switches are only used for interconnecting devices.
Homes and small offices need routers for Internet access, but most do
not need a network switch, unless they require a large amount of
Router Ethernet ports. However, large offices, networks, and data centers
with dozens or hundreds of computers usually do require switches.
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How do we make connections?

Network hosts communicate with each other by sending bits of information across network
media.
Comparison: Wired vs Wireless
Network media can be wired or wireless.
Wireless connection
for many reasons can be slower than wired connections and can
sometimes experience latency issues or signal interference. But
wireless connection is much more convenient to use compared to
Wired especially in Home/Office connection especially when using
devices like Cellphones & Tablets.

In wireless connections, Routers are also necessary for an

Internet connection, but it does not need a Switch anymore to
connect to devices/clients. Routers have its Wireless Access Point
(WAP) in which all devices with wireless capability can connect
wirelessly through Wi-Fi.

Router
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How do we make connections?

Network hosts communicate with each other by sending bits of information across network
media.
Comparison: Wired vs Wireless
Network media can be wired or wireless.
Wireless connection
Moreover, in wireless connection, one network is visible to
the other which can affect the performance of your connection.
Because the networks can see one another, the possibility of
interference by other wireless enabled devices or obstructions is
higher. This can compromise the performance and quality of
connection.

While wireless internet keeps getting faster and faster, a

hardwired connection will always be the fastest option.

Conclusion: What is the best choice Wired or Wireless?

Hybrid configuration is always an option for internet connectivity,
Router meaning you can have wireless internet along with some areas where
you can hardwire in.
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Any Questions?
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Quiz:
1. A ________ is created when you have two or more hosts or clients connected together so that they can
communicate and share resources.
2. A ________ can be any device which has a “network interface” which allows it to connect to other
devices on a network.
3. A network type where the host will act specifically as a server (the provider of resources) and client will
be the receiver of resources.
4. A network type where every hosts or devices will act as a server and a client.
5. A network type which is contained within a building.
6. A network type which contains two or more local area networks in a multiple contagious buildings or
campus.
7. A network type which contains multiple noncontagious buildings within the single metropolitan area.
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Quiz:
8. A network type which spread over a wide area, typically covering multiple cities and countries.
9. In a Metropolitan Area Network, what network media connection/cable is used?
10. Ethernet cables/UTP cables can travel up to _____ meters before suffering from attenuation.
11. ______ is the loss of signal strength in networking cables or connections.
12. In a Campus Area Network, what network media connection/cable is used?
13. What is the big example of a Wide Area Network?
14-15. Network hosts communicate with each other by sending bits of information across network media.
What are the two ways of network connection?
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Examples of wire media are copper/UTP and fiber optic.

Examples of wireless media are Wi-Fi, RF and infra-red.
We will discuss all the different forms of Network Media in detail later in this course.

Activity for next week: We will learn about Network Media especially Ethernet/UTP cables which
are very accessible in our area.
By threes, each threesome will buy RJ-45 (at least 6x) and UTP Cable (1 ½ meter)
In our Laboratory next week we will learn how to produce an Ethernet Cable.
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What is a protocol?

The definition of a protocol is a set of rules and procedures for communication.

In order for hosts to communicate on a network they must agree to use a common set of rules
and procedures or in other words, must use the same network protocol.
Some of the common network protocols used today are TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, and Apple
Talk.
We will discuss the TCP/IP network protocol in detail later in this course.
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Introduction to addressing.

All hosts on a network must be identified with an address on that network.

Addressing in computer networks is similar to how addressing works with the postal network or
telephone network.
The most typical types of addresses used in computer networking are MAC addresses and IP
addresses.
There are both private and public forms of addressing.
◦ Private addressing is used to keep communications safe within the boundaries of a private secure network.
◦ Public addressing is used to allow communications with the outside world, most typically known as the
Internet.

We will discuss addressing in detail later in this course.

End of Lesson…