INTRODUCTION

Medical
Medical Helminthology
Helminthology
Medical Helminthology
•Helminthology : the study of helminthes
/worms/Vermes
•Helminthes are large, multicellular organisms ( metazoa )
that are generally visible to the naked eye in their adult
stages
•Helminthes are multicellular eukaryotic invertebrates with
tube-like or flattened bodies exhibiting bilateral symmetry
•Medical Helminthology studies biological features and
geographic distribution of parasitic worms (helminthes), the
course of helminthic invasions, diagnosis, prophylaxis and
control of helminthic diseases.
Multiplication

•Helminths differ from protozoan in their ability to

multiply in the body of host. Protozoan multiply in
the infected person , so that disease could result from
a single infection .
•Helminths , do not multiply in the human body,
therefore , a single infection does nort generally leads
to disease . Heawy worm load follows multiple
infection.
•Sometimes, multiplication occur within larval forms
in Platyhelminthes
Life cycle
1.Nematoda
require only one host to complete their life cycle except
filarial nematodes and and Dracunculus medinensis , which
complete their life cycle in 2 hosts
2.Cestoda
require 2 different hosts to complete their life cycle except
Hymenolepis nana , which complete its life cycle in a single
host and Diphyllobothrium latum which complete its life
cycle in 3 different hosts.
3.Trematoda
they complete their life cycle in 1 definitive host ( human )
and 2 intermediate hosts.
first IH : fresh water snail or mollusca
second IH : fish or crab
Except Schistosoma which require 2 hosts, DH ( human ) and
1 IH ( snail )
Taksonomi
 Helminthology
Helminthology
CLASSIFICATION
HELMINTHES

NEMATHELMINTHES PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMATODES TREMATODES CESTOIDEA

 Phylum Nemathelminthes General
characteristics :
ADULT
•Nematode ( nema meaning thread ) is an elongated cylindrical worm,
primarily bilaterally symmetrical, also known as roundworm
•Unsegmented
•vary greatly in size, from about mm ( S stercoralis ) to a meter ( D
medinensis ).
•Male is generally smaller than female and its posterior end is curved or
coiled ventrally
•Basic body design:a tube within a tube
- outer tube being the body wall
- inner tube is the digestive tract
- between the tubes is the fluid-filled pseudocoelum in which
the reproduction system and other structure are found
(Fig. 15-4).
Modes of infection

1.By ingestion of
- eggs : Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius
vermicularis
- larva within intermediate host : Dracunculus medinensis
- encysted larva in muscle : Trichinella spiralis
•By penetration of skin : Hook Worm, S Stercoralis
•By blood sucking insect : Filaria
•By inhalation of dust containing eggs : Enterobius vermicularis
NEMATODES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON :


The
Theexistence
existence of
of phasmid
phasmid
(a
(acaudal
caudalchemo
chemoreceptor)
receptor)

The
Thehabitat
habitatof
ofthe
theadult
adult
worm
worm
NEMATODES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HABITAT :
HABITAT

INTESTINAL BLOOD AND TISSUE

NEMATODES NEMATODES

SOIL TRANSMITTED FILARIA and

OTHER (NON-STH)
HELMINTHS (STH) DRACUNCULUS
 Intestinal Nematodes
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Hook worm:
1.Necator americanus
2.Ancylostoma duodenale
3.A.braziliense
4.A.ceylanicum
5.A.caninum
(3,,5 dogs and cats nematodes,but the larva can cause
Cutaneous Larva Migran in human)
Blood and tissue nematodes
Sekian ………………….
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