Adaptive-Reuse-Restoration 3-3-2021

Adaptive Reuse &
Restoration
Introduction
• In the Philippines, like in the different
countries of the civilized world, awareness
of the country’s rich historico-cultural
heritage has become the concern of the
government and the private sector as well.
• Efforts are directed towards the preservation
of our heritage to establish the society’s link
with the events of the past to better
appreciate the present and to plan for the
future.
• Considering the importance of our historic
monuments as the Parthenon is to Greeks,
the pyramids to the Egyptians and Rome to
mankind, our monuments and sites are to be
protected as evidences of our storied past.
• The trend towards adaptive reuse and
restoration has been promoted worldwide.
Terminology
• Adaptive reuse refers to the process of
reusing an old site or building for a purpose
other than which it was built or designed for.
Adaptive reuse is seen by many as a key
factor in land conservation and the reduction
of urban sprawl.
Terminology
• However adaptive reuse can become
controversial as there is sometimes a blurred
line between renovation, facadism and
adaptive reuse. It can be regarded as a
compromise between historic preservation
and demolition.
Terminology
• CONSERVATION is a multi-disciplinary
means of safeguarding the country’s
historico-cultural heritage to suitably adapt
it to needs to the society.
Terminology
• PRESERVATION is the cleaning and

maintaining of a structure in order to extend
its lifespan.
Terminology
• RESTORATION is the methodological and

controlled repair and strengthening of a
structure to have it as close to its original
and to prevent further decay and
deterioration.
Terminology
• RENOVATION is the adaptation and

possible beautification of a structure to
make it useful and serve modern needs.
Terminology
• REMODELLING is a drastic renovation

without regard to its original state, authentic
whole and the past.
Terminology
• RECONSTRUCTION is the rebuilding of a

faithful copy of a structure based on the
original period plans under strict
supervision.
Terminology
• PERIOD ARCHITECTURE is a distinct

architectural style from a certain period in
history.
Terminology
• MONUMENT is any structure or group of

buildings with the followings attributes, to
wit; historical value, socio-cultural value,
artistic or architectural value & uniqueness.
Terminology
Historical value
associated with important historical
events and illustrious Filipinos.
Terminology
Socio-cultural value
depicting socio-cultural values and
experiences of the Filipino people.
Terminology
Artistic or Architectural value

bearing strong foreign & local
influences of a certain period style.
Terminology
Uniqueness
expressing distinct characteristics e.g.
the first printing press, first theatre, etc.
Terminology
• SITE is any area which has played a

significant role in the history of our country.
Such significance may be historical,
cultural, archaeological, sociological and
scientific.
Terminology
• NATIONAL SHRINES are historic sites

hallowed or honored for their history or
association with an illustrious Filipino, (e.g.
Rizal and Mabini shrines).
Terminology
• NATIONAL MONUMENTS are objects,
natural features or areas of special historic
interest that are set aside by local or national
government as public properties (e.g. Rizal
and Bonifacio Monuments, and the Walls of
Intramuros)
Terminology
• NATIONAL LANDMARKS are places and
objects that are associated with an event,
achievement, characteristic or modification
that present a turning point or stage in
Philippine history, e.g. the first School of
Arts and Trade, the first Normal School, etc.
Terminology
• NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURES are
unique treasures/ objects found locally,
possessing outstanding historical, cultural,
artistic and/ or scientific value which are
significant and important to the country and
nation.
Terminology
• IMPORTANT CULTURAL PROPERTIES

are cultural properties which have been
singled out from among the innumerable
cultural properties as having exceptional
cultural and historical significance to the
Philippines.
Adaptive reuse
• deals with the issues of conservation and
heritage policies. Whilst old buildings
become unsuitable for their programmatic
requirements, as progress in technology,
politics and economics moves faster than the
built environment, adaptive reuse comes in as
a sustainable option for the reclamation of
sites.
Adaptive reuse
• In many situations, the types of buildings most likely to

become subjects of adaptive reuse include; industrial
buildings, and the process of manufacture moves away from
city; political buildings, such as palaces and buildings which
cannot support current and future visitors of the site; and
community buildings such as churches or schools where the
use has changed over time.
Adaptive reuse
• Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of

reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact.
Adaptive reuse
• By reusing an existing structure within a site, the

energy required to create these spaces is lessened,
as is the material waste that comes from
destroying old sites and rebuilding using new
materials. Through adaptive reuse, old,
unoccupied buildings can become suitable sites
for many different types of use.
Criteria for adaptive reuse
• While the process of adaptive reuse is a

decision often made purely by companies
establishing a particular brand or presence,
there are often criteria for deciding whether a
building should be conserved and reused or just
demolished for the area of land it occupies.
Some of these determining criteria include;
• The societal value of a given site; that

is, the importance to the community of
the use of a site by community members
or visitors.
• The potential for the reuse of a particular site;

the physical damage sustained to the site and
its support of future use, the character of the
existing site in terms of the proposed reuse.
• The historical importance of the site; in
terms of both the physicality of the
street-scape and the area, as well as of
the role of the site in the community’s
understanding of the past.
• The natural ecological conditions of the

site; whether the site is suitable
climatically or can support the proposed
environmental work needed in the site.
Economic considerations
• There has been much debate on the economic

possibilities and viability of adaptive reuse as
different corporations and companies seek to
find sustainable ways to approach their
corporate or retail sites.
• There are many outcomes that affect the economic return of adaptive
reuse as an avenue to a company’s use of a given site.
• Factors such as the reuse of materials and
resources as well as a lesser need to involve
energy, both in terms of labor and machine
powered, can effectively decrease the monetary
funds needed for companies to establish sites.
• However, there can be hidden costs in reusing
old buildings such as; the unknown
contamination of older sites, decay and disuse
affecting the usability of a building as well as
the possible need for modification of an older
building to fit current and future
building codes.[3]
• With each project, the economic costs differ
from project, to project and some
professionals go as far as to assert that new
build is always more economical, and
renovation is universally more expensive, [4]
due to their own involvement with adaptive
reuse projects.
• Others claim that the return on
investment is enhanced when using an
older building, because of the savings
involved. One Canadian developer
claims that reusing buildings generally
represents a saving of between 10-12%
[3]
over building new.
• In terms of profitability, there are also

the assertions that adaptive reuse
projects often have an uncertainty to
their profitably, that newer
developments lack. When looking for
funding to build, these considerations
Advantages of adaptive reuse
• With the debate of adaptive reuse as a sustainable

avenue in the development of key sites, there are
many advantages to using certain sites for
redevelopment. Some of these advantages include
the site’s location;
• in many cases, historical sites are often located in
the centers of large cities due to the spatial
development of a given area, these buildings can
often be heritage-listed and therefore sold as an
entity, rather than just for the land that they
occupy, which the new tenants then have to
retrofit the building for their particular purpose.
• Older buildings also often have a specific period
character through the detailing and joinery of their
constructed eras that newer or reconstructed
developments lack, in certain cases, such as the
hospitality industry; the grand character of a site can
influence the feel of their building and are used for
maximum potential to enhance the site’s physical
attractiveness to a client.
Barriers to adaptive reuse
• adaptive reuse sometimes isn’t the most viable option for
all historic sites. For some sites that have been left alone
to decay by neglect, the physical damage of the site can
render the site unusable both in terms of the cost to repair
the damage as well as unsafe by government standards.
Sites contaminated by old materials such as asbestos also
become unviable for the process of adaptive reuse.
What are the basic conservation
principles?
• The objective of conservation is to preserve
for posterity the unaltered state of the
historic monument or site as close to its
original as possible, it is therefore necessary
that the following principles be observed:
principles?
1. Restoration must never be an imitation,
falsification, or an attempt to compete with
original.
principles?
2. The process of restoration should never
alter the way in which the object/ structure
was originally made.
principles?
3. When restoring a monument, use materials
similar to that of the original.
principles?
4. “The less you touch, the better.”
principles?
5. “It is better to preserve than to restore, to
restore than to reconstruct, to reconstruct than
to do nothing at all.”
principles?
6. Conservation is part of positive
development and progress.
principles?
7. The principle of reversibility should be
observed in restoration work. The procedure
should allow for removal or change without
affecting the original.
Special care should always be given in
carrying out restoration work as historic
structures are irreplaceable.
What causes the deterioration of
monuments?
• The destruction of monuments may be
caused by both man and nature. However, it
is unfortunate that man’s ignorance of the
proper care of monuments bring about more
damage to the structure.
monuments?
• Man-made
• Wars, vandalism, neglect, indifference, abusive
use, ignorance, modernization, pollution, &
vibration.
monuments?
• Natural
• Extreme heat, humidity and dampness,
infestation of insects and pests, natural
calamities like earthquake, flood, typhoon, fire,
etc. & vegetation growth
What are the signs of deterioration found in
monuments?
• It takes sometime for monuments to
deteriorate giving us time to observe their
condition and take necessary steps. When
inspecting a monument look for the
following;
monuments?
• Material: 1. Indigenous materials- (sawali,
bamboo, nipa, rattan)
• Signs of deterioration: brittleness and
disintegration, insect holes with powdery
substance, discoloration and mildew, termite tracks
monuments?
• Material: 2. Glazing
• Signs of deterioration: broken or nursing
coping panes or glass panes
monuments?
• Material: 3. Timber
• Signs of deterioration: sagging, twisting,
insect infestation, wood rot waterlogging,
shearing and cracking, wear and tear, and
the presence of natural defects.
monuments?
• Material: 4. Stone
• Signs of deterioration: salt formation, pulverizing,
scaling, disalignment/ leaning/ sagging,
discoloration and waterlogging, crushing, cracking,
erosion of mortar/ binders, vegetation growth.
monuments?
• Material: 5. Brick/ Tiles
• Signs of deterioration: broken or missing,
cracking, erosion of mortar binders
monuments?
• Material: 6. Metal (Galvanized iron,
wrought iron, cast iron, copper, brass,
bronze, tin, nickel, stainless steel)
• Signs of deterioration: rust, weathering,
tarnishing
monuments?
• Material: 7. Modern materials (steel,
concrete, etc.)
• Signs of deterioration: rust, cracks
monuments?
• Material: 8. Paint and varnishes
• Signs of deterioration: fading, flaking,
cracking, peeling, fungus infestation.
How do you assess the condition of a monument/ structure and
What are the possible first-aid measure to take?
• CHECK THE FOLLOWING:
• A. FOUNDATION
• If any part of the building is misaligned
or sagging, provide temporary support,
e.g. scaffolding.
• CHECK THE FOLLOWING:
• A. FOUNDATION
• If surrounding ground is
sinking/eroding, seek technical
assistance
B. FLOOR
Ground floor
Check for uneven floor finish.
Remove floor finish without destroying the original
material and rework floor bed to an even level, then
put back original floor tiles.
Check for dampness.

Check source of dampness or telltale signs
of seepage or flooding, reroute water flow
if needed. If condition continues,
immediately ask assistance.
How do you assess the condition of a monument/ structure and What are
the possible first-aid measure to take?
Second floor
Check for beams and floors, frames and supports for
defects, misalignment, movement and insect infestation.
Repair or replace damaged parts using similar materials. If
in danger of collapse, prop up immediately. For insect
infestation, apply Paris green if infestation is just starting.
Get the services of a certified pesticide applicator if heavily
infested.
C. ROOF (Eaves and Media aguas)

Check for leaks and their causes.
Patch up holes, repair/ replace deteriorated
parts immediately.
Check for surface condition.

Replace broken tiles. Coat rusted but
serviceable GI sheets with rust converter
and paint with primer (red lead or zinc
chromate), patch with roof sealant.
Check frames and roof supports for defects,

insect infestation, deterioration of wooden
parts.
Replace or repair damaged portions.
Check gutters, eaves and downspouts.

Repair or replace using the same design
and materials.
D. CEILING
Check for discoloration, water marks and leaks.
Check roof and repair damaged portions
Check condition of ceiling supports, i.e. sagging, craks,
insect infestation, wood rot, rusting nails.
Repair or replace damaged portions.
E. WALLS
Check surface for cracks, discoloration and misalignment.
Peel off plaster around the damaged area to check if crack is only
on the surface or through the wall. For superficial surface cracks
fill in the cracks with plaster mix and replaster surface.
• In case crack runs through the walls and

shows deterioration, technical assistance is
necessary.
• Take note of any changes in the structure
which may affect its soundness.
F. DOORS and WINDOWS

Check:
- alignment of frames and condition of
wood member.
- door and window jambs and sills
- Condition of door and window panels

- Twisting and warping
- Hardware, e.g. locks, hinges, pivots
Hire skilled carpenters to repair or rework
damaged areas.
g. Decorations
Check:
- condition and stability of materials
- finish for damage, i.e. flaking,
chipping, etc.
- general appearance.
Leave as is to protect them from further
damage. Consult experts immediately.
• g. Building Services and Utilities

Check:
- Electrical wiring and fixtures
- plumbing and drainage
- Mechanical pumps, fans, aircons,

generators
- audio-visual equipment
Hire licensed electricians, plumbers,
mechanics etc. after consultation with concerned
agencies.
What procedures should you follow in restoration which are not
needed in ordinary repair and/ or constructions?
• The process of restoration should include:
• A. Documentation
• 1. Gather old plans, photos, details, interview
old residents or tonspeople who may
remember the structure as it was originally
constructed and its successive modifications.
• 2. Measure and draw the existing structure-

floor plans, elevations, sections, details, etc.
• 3. Photograph existing structure and details.
• B. Planning
• 1. Evaluate condition of structure
according to the checklist on section 5.
• 2. Formulate first aid measures based on
section 5
• 3. Decide on restoration techniques to be

used vis-avis the project
• 4. Allocate funds.
• C. Actual restoration work

• In case of grave problems or an advanced
state of deterioration/ damage, refer to the
agency concerned.
What are the existing laws on Historic Preservation in the
Philippines?
• In 1918, the commitment to preserve our country’s historic
past was started by virtue of Public Act No. 2760.
• This was supported by Executive Order 451 creating the
Historical Research and Markers Committee which was
further strengthened by the issuance of Public Act No. 4368
creating the National Historical Commission which was
tasked to identify, designate and mark Historic places in the
Philippines.
Philippines?
• Under the integrated reorganization plan in 1972,
the National Historical Institute was created and
given the task of constructing, restoring and
maintaining national shrines and monuments
• It also absorbed the functions of ten ceremonial
and memorial offices related to the preservation
and restoration of historic sites and structures.
Philippines?
• PD 260, considered to be the country’s unofficial
national historic act, was issued in 1973 vesting
the NHI with the power to declare as historic
sites other buildings and monuments for
preservation purposes.
Philippines?
• In 1974, PD 374 amended Republic Act 4846, the
country’s Cultural Properties Act designating the
National Museum to supervise, preserve,
conserve and restore outstanding structures,
buildings, monuments, towns and cities declared
as national cultural treasures and properties.
Philippines?
• Subsequently, PD 1505 issued in 1978 prohibits
the modification, alteration, repair or destruction
of the original features of any designated and
classified historic edifice without the written
permission from the Chairman of the National
Historical Institute.
Philippines?
• Other government agencies are also given the
responsibility of undertaking the preservation of
historic sites and structures like the Intramuros
Administration which was created by PD 1616
for the purpose of restoring and administering the
development of Intramuros.
Philippines?
• On April 3, 1992 RA 7356 created the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts to develop
and promote the Filipino national culture and arts
in coordination with affiliated cultural agencies.

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Adaptive Reuse &

• PRESERVATION is the cleaning and

• RESTORATION is the methodological and

• RENOVATION is the adaptation and

• REMODELLING is a drastic renovation

• RECONSTRUCTION is the rebuilding of a

• PERIOD ARCHITECTURE is a distinct

• MONUMENT is any structure or group of

Artistic or Architectural value

• SITE is any area which has played a

• NATIONAL SHRINES are historic sites

• IMPORTANT CULTURAL PROPERTIES

• In many situations, the types of buildings most likely to

• Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of

• By reusing an existing structure within a site, the

• While the process of adaptive reuse is a

• The societal value of a given site; that

• The potential for the reuse of a particular site;

• The natural ecological conditions of the

• There has been much debate on the economic

• In terms of profitability, there are also

• With the debate of adaptive reuse as a sustainable

• CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

• CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

Check for dampness.

C. ROOF (Eaves and Media aguas)

Check for surface condition.

Check frames and roof supports for defects,

Check gutters, eaves and downspouts.

• In case crack runs through the walls and

F. DOORS and WINDOWS

- Condition of door and window panels

• g. Building Services and Utilities

- Mechanical pumps, fans, aircons,

• 2. Measure and draw the existing structure-

• 3. Decide on restoration techniques to be

• C. Actual restoration work

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