Advanced Statistics

Course Code: MST 267, SAT 201

Fall 2023
 Some Information

• Instructor: Dr. Mahmoud Rashwan

• Email: mahmoud_rashwan@feps.edu.eg
mahmoud.abdelnaser@fue.edu.eg

• Office Hours: Saturday 12 - 1

and Saturday 4 - 5
 Student Evaluation
• Class work (30 %)

• Midterm exam (30 %)

• Final exam (40 %)

 Population Vs. Sample
Population (The whole)
• A population is the group of all items of interest to a statistics
practitioner (not necessarily people ).

• When researchers gather data from the whole population, they call it a
complete enumeration.

Sample (Portion of the whole)

• A sample is a subset of the population and, if properly taken, is
representative of the whole.

• N.B.
Researchers often prefer to work with a sample of the population
instead of the entire population ( time limitations, money limitations).
 Parameter Vs. Statistic
Parameter
• A descriptive measure of a population.

Statistic
• A descriptive measure of a sample.

• We use statistics to make inferences about

parameters.
 Example
• If we want to determine the average mark of 500 students
enrolled in a certain Statistics course, then the 500 students
constitute the population.

• We can select a sample of 20 students, for example, to

estimate the average mark of the 500 students.

• The average mark of the students in the population is a

parameter.

• The average mark of the students in the sample is a statistic.

 Descriptive Vs. Inferential Statistics
•Descriptive Statistics
•Using data gathered on a group to describe or reach
conclusions about that same group only.

•Descriptive statistics deals with methods of organizing,

summarizing, and presenting data in a convenient and
informative way.

•Descriptive Statistics describe the data set that’s being

analyzed.
 Descriptive Vs. Inferential Statistics
• Inferential Statistics

• using sample data to reach conclusions about the

population from which the sample was taken.
• The data gathered from the sample are used to infer
something about a larger group. Inferential statistics are
sometimes referred to as inductive statistics.
• The basis for inferential statistics, then, is the ability to
make decisions about parameters without having to
complete a census of the population.
 Example
• Descriptive Statistics: If an instructor produces statistics to
summarize a class’s examination effort and uses those
statistics to reach conclusions about that class only, the
statistics are descriptive.

• Inferential Statistics: Some new drugs are expensive to

produce, and therefore tests must be limited to small samples
of patients. Utilizing inferential statistics, researchers can
design experiments with small randomly selected samples of
patients and attempt to reach conclusions and make
inferences about the population.