ART APPRECIATION: GROUP 10

INDEGENOUS ART IN THE

PHILIPPINES
MARK HIDALGO; LUIGI LEI ROTOR;
JOSHUA POLEA
 OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY THE MAJOR
INFLUENCE ARTWORKS OF
PHILIPPINE ART HISTORY
• IDENTIFY THE MAJOR ART
FORM IN PHILIPPINE
IDEGENOUS ARTS
• UNDERSTANDING OF
PHILIPPINE INDEGENOUS
ART
DEVELOPMENT IN HISTORY
The oldest map, titled Carta
Hydrografica de las Islas
Filipinas and by Spanish
cartographer Pedro Murillo
Velarde, includes a space
designated as “Panacot” or
“Bajo de Masinloc” off the
coast of Zambales. Spain
occupied the Philippines for
more than 300 years. This 1598
navigation chart, along with
another by Murillo Velarde
dated 1734 and two later maps,
one of them British, shows the
shoal 124 nautical miles from MAP OF
the Luzon coastline.
The four maps that feature
Scarborough Shoal are part of
THE
PHILIPPIN
the exhibition Three Hundred
Years of Philippine Maps:
1598-1898 unveiled on

ES
Tuesday, June 26 at the
Metropolitan Museum of
Manila as part of several
activities commemorating the
tenth anniversary of Filipino-
Spanish Friendship Day on
Saturday, June 30.
 Ancient and Pre-
Spanish Era

“Who?” Bul-ul

It is believed that the first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived over many thousands
of years ago. It is commonly thought that they migrated over a land bridge, which
existed at that time, from the Asian mainland. The next known inhabitation is when
the Negrito or Aeta arrived in the islands. However, they were driven back by
several waves of immigrant from Indonesia, only to be followed by the maritime
peoples of the Malayan Islands.

Manunggul
jar
FORMS OF PHILIPPINES
INDEGENOUS ARTS
• SCULPTURE
• POTTERY
• WEAVING
• PHYSICAL ORNAMENTS
 Sculpture

“What?”
Is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials,
typically stone such as marble, metals, glass, or wood, or plastic materials such as
clay, textiles, polymers, and softer materials

“How?”
Carving is a subtractive process whereby material is systematically
Guillermo
eliminated from the outside in.
Tolentino
Casting is an additive process. Heating and melting process
Modeling is an additive process. Modeled sculptures are created when a soft
or malleable material (such as clay) is built up (sometimes over an armature)
and shaped to create a form..
BONIFACIO MOMENTUM in Caloocan
Assembling: Sculptors gather and join different materials to create an
assembled sculpture. Assembling is an additive process.
SCULPTURES:
IFUGAO’S SCULPTURE BUL-UL

Bul-ul are carved anito figures of the Ifugao’s

these represents their ancestral spirits and granary
Gods

Seated Ifugao “bul-ul” at the conclusion of the

annual Ifugao harvest ritual “bul-uls” placed in
rice granaries are considered guardian of the
harvest
HAGABI
Hagabi is a wooden bench usually small in size, originated
from Ifuago and symbolize the status of the people. Most of
the time only kadanagyan or a person with high status can
afford a hagabi. The reason only the rich can afford it
because after you sculptured a hagabi you need to hold a
ritual on it.

The orginal form of hagabi is ginulgulding(like a cow), both

ends of the bench forms a cow head like. In recent times,
the form of hagabi gradually changes over the time. one of
it is ngiwi or an animal whose nose is long and two people
forming 69 position
SARIMANOK
Sarimanok are the most well-known of the old designs,
the sarimanok. The figure represents a fowl with
wings, feathered tail, and a head decorated with
ornaments of scrolled and painted motif of leaves,
spirals, and feather-like forms. It usually stands on a
fish and another one hangs from its beak. The wooden
figure, usually perched atop a bamboo pole, stands
among decorative flags during weddings and other
festive occasions.

The Sarimanok is the legendary bird that has become

an ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. It is depicted as
a fowl with colorful wings and feathered tail,
holding a fish on its beak or talons. The head is
profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs.
It is said to be a symbol of good fortune.
PANOLONG

The Panolong is a house ornament fashioned by the Maranao

people. It is a carved beam that protrudes in the front of the
house and styled with okir motif. The shape of the panolong
is an architectural translation of a "prow" meaning the
protruding part in the front of a ship.
TOROGAN, THE ANCESTRAL HOME
OF THE MARANAO SULTAN OR DATU

One of the richest survivors of Philippine pre-

Spanish art is Maranao decorative art, described
by critics as graceful and rhythmical. • The floor
beams of the houses project beyond the walls,
and the ends or panolong, such as the decorative
figure, are carved and multicolored.
 Pottery

“What?”
Potter are objects that are fist shaped of wet clay, then hardened by baking.
Pottery includes both decorative and practical items such as bowls, vases,
dishes, and lamps.

“How?”
Pinch pot – a simple form of hand-made pottery that’s been around since
ancient times. The potter kneads the clay and presses it into the shape of a pot,
dish, bowl or cup.
Coiling – using clay, the potter rolls it until it forms a long roll. Then, by
placing one coil on top of another, different shapes are formed.
Slab – a thick, flat plate, or slice of clay is cut into shapes which are then
joined to form an object. The joined edges are scored and slip is used (slip is
clay diluted with water to the consistency of cream, used for joining individual
pieces of clay).
POTTERIES:

Leta-leta
cave
TERRA COTTA

Terra Cotta in the Philippines varies in forms and functions. The

forms of the bricks are directly influenced by the functions of
the pots and the tradition of the community/local area.
PALAYOK

A palayok is a clay pot used as the traditional

food preparation container in
the Philippines. Palayok is a Tagalog word; in other
parts of the country, especially in the Visayas, it is
called a kulon; smaller-sized pots are referred to
as anglit. Neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia refer
to such vessel as a periuk.
MANUNGGUL JAR

The Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated from

a Neolithic burial site in Manunggul cave of Tabon Caves at
Lipuun Point at Palawan dating from 890–710 B.C. The two
prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the
journey of the soul to the afterlife.
The Manunggul Jar is a National Treasure of the
Philippines. A secondary burial jar, it is designated item 64-
MO-74 in the National Museum of the Philippines, Manila.
The jar was found in Chamber A of the Tabon Cave, one of
the Manunggul caves in Palawan. The jar is dated from
about 2800 years before the present. It was found by Robert
Fox and Miguel Santiago.
LETA- LETA CAVE

Leta-leta cave archaeology Leta-leta Cave,

Langen Island, El Nido, Palawan was excavated
in 1965 by Dr. Robert Fox. Leta-leta Cave is an
important burial site belonging to the Late
Neolithic Period where an assemblage of stone
and shell artifacts associated with sophisticated
pottery and nephrite adzes and axes were
recovered. Other materials include stone
ornaments and shell beads.
Weaving means to make cloth and other objects. Threads or
strands of material are passed under and over each other.
Weaving in the Philippines has different forms, functions
and materials. They also vary in design and techniques
used. Most of the common forms of weaving in the
Philippines are in the form of hats, mats, bags, baskets and
textiles (clothes and blankets).
 METHODS OF WEAVING
Weaving is a technique of fabric production. It consists of intertwining of two separate yarns called warp
and weft. Fabric is usually woven on a loom which is a device that holds the warp threads in place while
weft is woven through them. However, the same result can be achieved by using a simple frame and
creating the fabric by hand. There are several methods of weaving. The following 7 types of weave are
the most commonly used techniques in the world. These are plain, slit, twill, sumak, pile, knotted and
tapestry which give different patterns and textures of fabrics.

• Plain weave
• Slit weave
• Twill weave
• Sumak weave
• Pile weave
• knotted-pile technique
• Tapestry weave
 The plain weave is the process of
pulling the weft thread (horizontal
Plain weave thread) over the first warp
thread (vertical thread), then under the
second, over the third, and so on until

“ON
the weaver gets to the end of the warp
threads. On the second pass back, the
weaver is starting opposite of where
they ended. To make this process
quicker they can use a shed stick which
is all the way across the warp threads
and creates a gap between the lower

E
and upper warp threads.

simplest and most

common of the three
basic textile weaves.
 This is the most common
Satin weave weaving technique used to
create geometric and diagonal
patterned kilims. The slit refers

“TW
to the gap left between two
blocks of color. It is created by
returning the weft around the
last warp in a color area, and
the weft of the adjacent color is

O
later returned around the
adjacent warp.

is characterized by four
or more weft threads
going over one warp
Twill weave A twill weave is created by
passing the weft thread
over two or more warp

“THRE
threads and then repeating
that pattern. The weave is
characterized by its
diagonal lines, which are
created by an offset in the

E
durable and wears well,
warp threads.

resists soiling, and has

good resistance to
wrinkling.
 Sumak weave Although the origins of the
term sumak are associated
with Shemaka, a town in

“FOU
the Caucasus region, it no
longer refers to origin, but
to a general weft-wrapping
practice used to create
complex and varied

R
lacks the slits
designs.

characteristic of kilim, as it
is usually woven with
supplementary weft
 The pile weave creates woven
Pile weave loops by using a pick-up stick
to help to get a uniform loop
length. The weft that crosses

“FIV
over the warp is wrapped
around the stick and then
pulled down to the support
row. While the loops are on the
pick-up stick, another plain

E
weave row is woven to secure
it.

It is an excellent technique to
add texture to the weave and
define dimensional
difference on its surface.
 In the Ghiordes knot, the
Knotted-pile coloured weft yarn passes over
the two warp yarns and is
pulled through between them

“SIX
and then cut to form the pile.
The knot has a symmetrical
structure. The Ghiordes knot
used in the oldest surviving
carpet is a carpet containing pile carpets.
raised surfaces, or piles, from
the cut off ends of knots
woven between the warp and
weft.
 Tapestry is one of the oldest forms
Tapestry weave of woven textile. The tapestry
technique differs from other forms
of patterned weaving in that most

“SEVE
weft threads are not carried the full
width of the fabric web, except by
an occasional intention of design.
Each unit of the pattern or the
background is woven with a weft of
the required colour according to the

N
design.

Weaving just one square

meter of coarse tapestry
could be months of work for
one person.
INDEGENOUS WEAVING DESIGN
MALONG BEARING OKIR DESIGN

The Maranaos call their ornamental design okir, a general

term for both the scroll and the geometric form.
They are wrapped around at waist or chest-height and
secured by tucked ends, with belts of braided material or
other pieces of cloth, or are knotted over one shoulder.
They were traditionally hand-woven, with the patterns
usually distinctive to a particular ethnic group. However,
modern malong are usually machine-made or even
imported, with patterns that mimic the traditional local
designs.
MALONG LANDLAP STYLE

The most popular of all the malong styles is the landap.

Which is either dominantly red, yellow, green, blue, or
violet. Red is the favorite color along with yellow; these
colors stand for royalty or aristocracy. Often, men wear
the red landap and the women, the yellow.
THE MAT WEAVERS OF BASEY

The mat weavers of Basey • Basey in Samar

province is one of the oldest towns in the
country dating back to Hispanic times and tikog
(rush) weaving has always been its leading
industry until Typhoon Yolanda practically
wiped it out.
Physical ornaments

Physical Ornaments BONTOC, IFUAGO, AND KALINGA

TRIBAL TEXTILES WITH A VARIETY OF SILVER AND
BRASS "LINGLINGO" FERTILITY CHARMS

ultra-traditional cutting of metal using a saw, through

soldering, into lost-wax casting
PHYSICAL ORNAMENTS
 BOAYA

BONTOC WARRIOR'S RITUAL "BOAYA" HEAD HUNTING

NECKLACE: SHELL, BOAR TUSK, RATTAN, FIBERAND BONE
Physical ornamentation can be categorized to three areas
specifically the use of traditional costumes (textile), jewelries
and tattoos. The designs vary depending on the location,
users and function of the ornaments.
 BAWISAK

Filipino bawisak earrings • Traditional Ifugao tribe

(Northern Luzon, Philippines) bead and shell bawisak
earrings. The bottom shell designs have been described
as either representing butterflies or a certain item of
male generative anatomy.
 LINGLINGO

is a type of penannular or double-headed pendant or amulet that

has been associated with various late Neolithic to late Iron
Age Austronesian cultures. Most lingling-o were made in jade
workshops in the Philippines, and to a lesser extent in the Sa
Huỳnh culture of Vietnam, although the raw jade was mostly
sourced from Taiwan. The earliest surviving examples of lingling-
o, dating back to around 500 BC, were made out of nephrite jade,
but many later examples were made of shell, gold, copper,
and wood; the kind of material suggests differences in the social
standing of its wearer. The term was first popularized by H. Otley
Beyer, who adapted it from the Southern Ifugao name for such
ornaments. The term has since also come to be used as a blanket
term for various metal age Austronesian ornaments found in the
Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
 PANGALAPANG

A stunning piece! This necklace is called a Pangalapang

and was made by an Ifugao artisan in the Philippines.
Seven pieces of mother of pearl are cut shaped, etched
and drilled then fastened to a band of woven fine split
rattan. Pieces of mother of pearl this large are rare and
a great deal of skill is required to polish, cut and drill
them. These necklaces therefore are worn by the elite
of Ifugao as status symbols.
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO TATOO
BATOK

among other names, are general terms for indigenous tattoos of the Philippines.
Tattooing on both sexes was practiced by almost all ethnic groups of the
Philippine Islands during the pre-colonial era. Like in other Austronesian groups,
these tattoos were made traditionally with hafted tools tapped with a length of
wood (called the "mallet"). Each ethnic group had specific terms and designs for
tattoos, which are also often the same designs used in other artforms and
decorations like in pottery and weaving. Tattoos range from being restricted only
to certain parts of the body to covering the entire body. Tattoos were symbols of
tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status.

Batok is done using a mixture of soot from the bottom of a cooking

pan and water as the ink, while the needle is a thorn from a
kalamansi plant
APO WHANG OD
Whang-od Oggay is known as the last mambabatok (Kalinga
tattooist) from the tribe of Butbut in Buscalan, Kalinga. She has
been tattooing for the past 80 years — including head hunters of
the indigenous tribe, at the beginning of her long career. These
head hunters were the warriors of their tribe, who protect their
villages, to the extent of killing their enemies. For them, it is a
symbol of bravery and courage. She also inked the skin of
women from the tribe, the tattoos are considered as a sign of
beauty and elegance. Whang-od is living proof of the
tribe’s batok (hand-tapping) culture. Covering her body are
tattoos with different meanings and designs. Each of her arms,
she said, took a day to be inked completely. After her body was
covered, she related how her father rejoiced and killed a pig to
celebrate the feat.
Now, after 80 years of tattooing, Whang-od is inking foreign
and Filipino visitors who visit her.
THE PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL COSTUME

• B’laan Clothing
• Kalinga Clothing
• T’boli Clothing
• Proto Malayan Clothing
• Eskaya Clothing
• Negrito Clothing
• Samal Clothing
• Tagbanua Clothing
B’LAAN

The B'laan are one of the indigenous peoples of Southern

Mindanao in The Philippines. They are famous for their
brassworks, beadwork and t'nalak weave. The people of
these tribes wear colorful embroidered native costumes
and beadwork accessories.
KALINGA

The Kalinga are called the “peacocks of the north”

because of their attention to appearance and dressing.
Kalinga is a landlocked province of northern Cordillera,
Philippines. “Kalinga” means enemy, a name that the
bordering inhabitants called this tribe because of their
headhunting attacks. The name stuck and became
accepted by the natives themselves.
T’BOLI

The T'boli distinguish themselves from other Tribal

Groups by their colorful clothes, bracelets and earrings,
this tribe is famous for their complicated beadwork,
wonderful woven fabrics and beautiful brass ornaments.
PROTO-MALAYAN

The Bagobo are proud people with proto Malayan

features. They have ornate traditions in weaponry and
other metal arts. They are noted for their skill in
producing brass articles through the ancient lost- wax
process. These people also weave abacca cloths of earth
tones and make baskets that are trimmed with beads,
fibers and horse's hair.
ESKAYA

Visayan-Eskaya, is the collective name for the members

of a cultural minority found in Bohol, Philippines, which
is distinguished by its cultural heritage, particularly its
literature, language, dress and religious observances.
After the Eskaya first came to public attention in 1980
NEGRITO

Negrito Among its earliest inhabitants were dark- skinned

natives belonging to the Negrito ethnic group with their
unique culture. Negros Island
SAMAL

Samal The Eastern Samals trace their ancestry to the east

of Job. Nowadays, a great number of Samals are found in
Zamboanga City, Basila n and even in Zambaonga del
Norte and Zamboanga del Sur who have migrated in
search of better economic clout.
TAGBANUA

Tagbanua The Tagbanwa or Tagbanua, one of the oldest

ethnic groups in the Philippines, can be mainly found in
the central and northern Palawan.
GROUP 10

TRIO
TAGABAYOT
Thank you
HIDALGO – ROTOR - POLEA