Learning Targets for Performance and

Product-Oriented Assessment
LESSON 2 / CHAPTER 1

Balagtas, M.U., David, A.P., Golla, E.F., Magno, C.P., & Valladolid, V.C. (2019). Assessment in
Learning 2: Outcomes-based Worktext. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.
 What are the Learning Targets
Appropriate for Alternative Assessment?

• Educational Objectives are specific statements of learner

performance at the end of an instructional unit. Educational
objectives are sometimes referred to as behavioral objectives and are
typically stated with the use of verbs.

• The Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives consists of three

domains - cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. These three domains
correspond to the three types of goals that teachers want to assess –
knowledge-based goals (cognitive), skills-based goals (psychomotor),
and affective goals (affective).

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 Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives in the Affective Domain
Level Description Illustrative Verbs Sample Objective
Receiving Awareness or passive attention asks, chooses, holds, Listen attentively to
to a phenonemenon or stimulus. identifies, listens the instruction of the
teacher.
Responding Active attention and response to answers, complies, Participate actively
a particular phenomenon or participates, in the focus-group
stimulus. practices, discussion.
writes
Valuing Attaching value or worth to a completes, Demonstrate belief
phenomenon or object. Valuing demonstrates, in the value of the
may range from acceptance to differentiates, election process.
commitment. explains,
justifies

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 Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives in the Affective Domain

Level Description Illustrative Verbs Sample Objective

Organization Organizing values into adheres, Defends the
priorities by comparing, defends, importance of
relating, and synthesizing integrates, graduate education
specific values. organizes, in the career of a
synthesizes teacher.
Internalizing Having a personal value acts, displays, Displays
values/ system that is now a influences, solves, commitment to
characterization characteristic of the learner. verifies helping
by a value or economically
value complex disadvantaged
students.

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 Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain
Level Description Illustrative Verbs Sample Objective
Perception The ability to use sensory cues adjusts, describes, Detects non-verbal cues
to guide motor activity. detects, from the participants.
identifies, selects
Set The mental,physical, and begins, displays, Shows motivation to
emotional sets that predisposes knows, recognizes, learn a new skill.
a person’s response to different show
situations. states
Guided Demonstration of a complex copies, performs, Perform the mathematical
Response skill through guided practice follows, react, operation by following
like imitation and trial and responds the steps demonstrated by
error. the teacher.

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 Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain
Level Description Illustrative Verbs Sample Objective

Mechanism Learned responses have become assembles, dismantles, Plays the guitar.
habitual and movements can be fixes, manipulates, plays
performed with some degree of
confidence and proficiency.

Complex Overt Performance of motor acts that involve assembles, dismantles, Demonstrate his
Response complex fixes, manipulates, expertise in playing
movement patterns in a quick, organizes the guitar.
accurate, and highly coordinated (similar with Mechanisms
manner. Characterized by automatic but performed in a more
performance and performance without accurate, more coordinated,
hesitation. and quicker way)

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 Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain
Level Description Illustrative Verbs Sample Objective
Adaptation Psychomotor skills are well adapts, alters, Modifies the dance
developed and the person modifies, rearranges, steps to suit the
can modify movement patterns to varies abilities of his
fit special groupmates.
requirements.

Origination Creating new movement patterns arranges, builds, Creates new steps
to fit a combines, , creates, for a contemporary
particular situation or specific designs. version of a classic
problem. Learning dance hit.
outcomes emphasize creativity
based upon highly
developed skills.

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Learning Targets
⮚ A learning target is a statement on what students are supposed to learn and what they can do because
of instruction.

⮚ Compared to educational goals, standards, and objectives, learning targets are the most specific and
lend themselves to more specific instructional and assessment activities.

⮚ Learning targets should be congruent with the standards prescribed by program or level and aligned
with the instructional or learning objectives of a subject or course.

⮚ It is suggested that learning targets should be stated in the learners’ point of view, typically using the
phrase “I can...”.

For example, “I can differentiate between traditional methods and alternative methods of
assessment”.

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 Types of Learning Targets
Type of Learning Description
Targets
Knowledge targets Refers to factual, conceptual, and procedural
information that learners must learn in a subject
or content area.
Reasoning targets Knowledge-based thought processes that learners
must learn. It involves application of knowledge
in problem-solving, decision-making, and other
tasks that require mental skills.
Skills targets Use of knowledge and/or reasoning to perform or
demonstrate physical skills.
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Sample
I can discuss the research design
that I used for my thesis.
I can justify my choice of Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) as my
statistical analysis for my thesis
research.
I can perform Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) on research data using
the software SPSS.
 Types of Learning Targets
Type of
Learning Description Sample
Targets
Product targets Use of knowledge, reasoning, and skills I can write the results and
in creating a concrete or tangible discussion section of a thesis
product. manuscript.
Affective targets Refers to affective characteristics that I can appreciate the role of a
students can develop and demonstrate thesis adviser in the
because of instruction. completion of a thesis
research.

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What are the appropriate alternative methods of
assessment for learning targets?
❑ Three types of learning targets can be best assessed using alternative assessments. These are skills, products,
and affect.

❑ Skills refer to learning targets that require the development and demonstration of behavioral or physical task.
To able to demonstrate skills or act skillfully, students must be able to possess the knowledge and reasoning
ability related or relevant to the skills to be demonstrated.

❑ Products refer to learning targets that require the development of a tangible and high quality product or
output. Students are expected to create products that have certain core attributes that will serve as basis for
evaluating its quality.

❑ Affect/Dispostion encompasses a broad range of non-cognitive attributes beyond attitude that may affect
learning and performance, including motivation, interest, and other affective states. The development of
affect/disposition simultaneously occurs as a student learns concepts and skills in the classroom.

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 Sample Learning Targets Across Subject Areas
Subject Area Typology of Learning Learning Targets
Targets
English Skills Participate in conversation with others.
Products Write an argumentative essay where
arguments are justified by providing
factual or empirical data as support.

Affect Show enjoyment as one recites a poem in

front of an audience.
Physical Education Skills Dribble the ball to cross the half-court.
Products Create a three-month personal fitness plan.
Affect Show determination to complete the
physical task.

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Sample Learning Targets Across Subject Areas
Subject Area Typology of Learning Targets Learning Targets

Mathematics Skills Measure angles using a protractor.

Products Construct a histogram with a normal curve
using SPSS for a given data .
Affect Demonstrate interest in attending
mathematics class.
Science Skills Use laboratory equipment properly.
Products Prepare a report about the field observation.
Affect Consider the safety of others in the conduct
of an experiment.
Social Studies Skills Participate in civic discussions on current
social issues.
Products Create a timeline for the 2017 Marawi Siege.

Affect Argue with others in a constructive manner.

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Appropriate Alternative Methods of Assessment
❑ Once the learning targets are identified, appropriate alternative methods of assessment
can be selected to measure student learning.

❑ Skills targets are best assessed among students through performance-oriented or

performance-based assessment as skills are best gauged through actual task performance.

❑ Product targets are best assessed through product assessment. Given the need to also
give value to the process of creating a product, performance assessment are also typically
used vis-a-vis product assessment.

❑ Affect or dispostion is best assessed through affective assessment or the use of self-
report measures (checklists, inventories, questionnaires, scales) and other alternative
strategies to assess affective outcomes.

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 Matching Learning Targets with Alternative
Assessment Methods

Learning Targets Performance- Product-Oriented Portfolio Self-Report Scale

Oriented

Skills ✔✔✔ ✔✔✔ ✔✔✔ ✔

Product ✔✔✔ ✔✔✔ ✔✔✔ ✔

Affect/Disposition ✔ ✔ ✔✔✔ ✔✔✔

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 Thank You!!!

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