“ G L O B A L I Z AT I O N

THEORIES”
PRESENTED BY GROUP 1
 WHAT IS
GLOBALIZATION?
GLOBALIZATION
• Is the word used to describe the growing
interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations,
brought about by cross-border trade in
goods and services, technology, and flows
of investment, people, and information.
 HOMOGENEITY
&
HETEROGENEITY
HOMOGENEITY
• Refers to the increasing sameness in the
world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientations of
societies expand to create common
practices, same economies, and similar
forms of government. Homogeneity in
culture is often linked to cultural
imperialism.
HOMOGENEITY
• Stiglitz (2002), for instance, blamed the
International Monetary Fund(IMF) for its
"one-size-fits all" approach which treats every
country in the world as the same.
• Globalization, in contrast to glocalization, is
a process wherein nations, corporations, etc.
Impose themselves on geographic areas in
order to gain profits, power, and so on (Ryan,
2007).
HETEROGENEITY
• refers to the differences because of
either lasting differences or of the
hybrids or combinations of cultures
that can be produced through the
different transplanetary processes.
Country to cultural imperialism,
heterogeneity in culture is
associated with cultural
hybridization.
HETEROGENEITY
• A more specific is
"glocalization" coined by
Roland Robertson in 1992. To
him, as global forces interact
with local factors or a specific
geographic area, the "glocal" is
being produced.
DYNAMICS Global flows of culture tent to move more easily around
the globe than ever before, especially through non-
OF LOCAL material digital forms. There are three perspectives on
AND global cultural flows. These are differentialism,
hybridization, and convergence.
GLOBAL
CULTURE Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures
are essentially different and are only superficially affected
by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to
contain the potential for "catastrophic collision.“
DYNAMICS The cultural hybridization approach emphasizes
OF LOCAL the integration of local and global cultures
AND (Cvetkovich and kellner, 1997).
GLOBAL
The cultural convergence approach stresses
CULTURE homogeneity introduced by globalization. One
important critique of cultural imperialism is
John Tomlinson's idea of "deterritorialization" of
culture. Deterritorialization means that it is
much more difficult to tie culture to a specific
geographic point of origin.
DEFINITIONS:
Cultural differentialism- also called cultural divergence, globalization causes
interregional and international conflict. Cultural differentialism may arise from a
fear of homogenization, or may be a version of cultural fundamentalism.
Cultural hybridization- is a phenomenon that arises from increased interaction
between world cultures and their mutual influence. This process breaks down
barriers between cultures and leads to the adoption of different cultures
Cultural convergence- is when cultures become more alike with increased
interaction. With high degrees of exposure to each other, two or more cultures'
beliefs, behaviors, ideologies, and languages "converge", and take on one
another's characteristics. Globalization is the driving force behind cultural
convergence.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
• Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing
a context for the current revival and the resurgence of
religion.
• As Scholte (2005) made clear: "Accelerated globalization
of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the
planet to have greater direct contact with one another.
Global communications, global organizations, global
finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims
and the universal Christian church to be given concrete
shape as never before"(p. 245).
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

• Globalization has also allowed religion or

faith to gain considerable significance and
importance as a non-territorial touchstone
of identity. Muslims, for instance, aspire
to establish the islamic Ummah, a
community of believers.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
• As Turner (2007) explained: Globalization transforms
the generic "religion" into a world-system of competing
and conflicting religions. This process of institutional
specialization has transformed local, diverse, and
fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems
of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the
paradoxical effect of making religions more self-
conscious of themselves as being “world religions” .
(p.146)
What is Regionalization? GLOBALIZATION
AND
Regionalization is the process of creating regional
REGIONALIZATION
economic arrangements such as free trade areas,
customs unions, and currency blocs. These
arrangements have become increasingly prevalent in
the world economy. Both pervasive and
controversial, regionalization has some economists
optimistic about the opportunities it creates and
others fearful that it may corrupt fragile efforts to
encourage global free trade.
- The processes of globalization and regionalization GLOBALIZATION
reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after the AND
end of the Cold War in the 1990s. REGIONALIZATION
- The regionalization of the world system and
economic activity undermines the potential benefits
coming out from a liberalized global economy. This
is because regional organizations prefer regional
partners over the rest. Regional organizations respond
to the states' attempt to reduce the perceived negative
effect of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a
sort of counter-globalization.
In a 2007 survey, the Financial Timer revealed that majority
of the Europeans consider that globalization brings negative
effect to their societies (as cited in Jacoby and Meunier,
2010). Many policy makers and scholars think that
globalization must be regulated and managed. The threats of
an "ungoverned globalization" can be countered what Jacoby
Meunier called managed globalization; it refers to "all
attempts to make globalization more palatable to citizens".
- Globalization "goes back to when humans first

put a boat into a sea" (Sweeney, 2005,p.203). We

can understand globalization as "the increased
flows of goods, services, capital, people, and
information across borders" (Jacoby and Meunier,
2010, p.1 ).
- Region, according to the Mansfield and Milner (1999) is
"a group of countries in the same geographically specified
area" (p.2). Hurrell (2007) defined regionalization as the
"societal integration and the often undirected process of
social and economic interaction. Regionalization is
different from regionalism, which is “the formal process of
intergovernmental collaboration between two or more
states" (Ravenhill, 2008,p. 174).
D O Y O U H AV E A N Y
QUESTIONS?
SLIDE TITE
I hope you all learned something. Thank
you so much!