CHAPTER 8:

Calculations Involving Chemical

Formulas
and Equations
 Table of contents

01 02
Percent Composition and Chemical Chemical Reactions and Equations
Formulas

03
Mass Relationships in Chemical
Reactions
 Section 01
Percent composition and Chemical
Formulas
Career in Chemistry

Chemists play a vital role in developing new compounds for a variety

of uses. For instance,synthetic chemists make new compounds
for industrial,pharmaceutical, and home uses. These new
compounds can include new medicines, personal-care products,
and cleaning materials. The new compounds are then analytical
chemists, who give experimental data on their composition and
chemical formula.
●This chapter deals with chemical
formulas,reactions,and equations,
together with the calculations involved
in them.It also helps us to know the
percents of the components in a shirt
because they affect how warm it is
whether it will need to be ironed, and
how it should be cleaned.You will learn
how the percents of the elements in a
compound are important in chemistry.
Sample Problem:
● Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3, also called baking soda, is used as a natural cleaner and is an active ingredient in
antacids.

In this problem,you are only given the chemical formula. Hence,assume there is one mole of
NaHCO3 .Calculate the molar mass of NaHCO3 from the mass of each element present in one mole of NaHCO 3 .

Solution:

The atomic masses of each element with three significant figures are found to be:

• 23.0 for Na
• 1.01 for H
• 12.0 for C
• 16.0 for O
● The mass of each element present in one mole of NaHCO 3 is as follows:

23.0 Na
Mass of Na = 1 mol Na x 1 mol Na =23.0 g Na

1.01 g H = 1.01 g H
Mass of H = 1 mol H x 1 mol H

12.0 g C = 12.0 g C
Mass of C = 1 mol C x 1 mol C

16.0 g O = 48.0 g O
Mass of O = 1 mol O x 1 mol O
● The mass of one mole of NaHCO3 is:

molar mass NaHCO3= 23.0 g + 1.01 g + 12.0 g + 48.0 g = 84.01 g / mol NaHCO 3

Molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.0g /mol NaHCO3

The percent by mass of the elements are :

23.0 g Na
Mass % Na = 84.0 g NaHCO x 100 = 27.4%

1.01 g H
Mass % H = 84.0 g NaHCO x 100 = 1.20 %

12.0 g C
Mass % C = 84.0 g NaHCO x 100 = 57.1%
● Answer: The percent composition of NaHCO3 is 27.4% Na , 1.20% H , 14.3% C , and 57.1% O.
Total is 100.0 %

Calculate the percent composition:

* H2SO4
Finding the Empirical and Molecular Formulas of a Compound

Empirical Formula
-consists of the symbols of all elements present in the compound , with the subscripts
Showing the smallest whole number ratio of the atoms in the compound.
- the most special about empirical formula is that,it is the most simplest or most reduced
Ratio of the atoms in a compound.

Molecular Formula
-gives the actual number of each kind of atom presnt in a molecule of the compound.
- tells us how many atoms of each element are in a compound.
- is also a regular formula.
Table 8.1 Empirical and Molecular Formulas of Some Compounds

Formula (Name) Classification of Formula

CH Empirical

C2H2 (ethyne) Molecular

C6H6(benzene) Molecular

CH20 ( methanal or formaldehyde) Empirical and Molecular

C2H402 ( ethanoic acid or acetic Molecular

acid)
C6H12O6 ( glucose ) Molecular
Sample Problem

Imagine yourself as an analytical chemist who analyzed a samplle of compound that is

found to contain 40.055 sulfur and 59.95% oxygen. What is the empirical formula of
the compound?

Solution:
Since you are given the percent composition of the compound and must find the
empirical formula, you can assume 100.00 g of the compound. Based on the given
percentage this will mean 40.05g S and 59.95g O.
The mass of each element in the compound is used to find the number
of moles of sulfur and oxygen.

1 mol S = 1.249 mol S

Moles of S = 40.05g S x 32.07 g S

1 mol O
Moles of O = 59.95g O x 16.00 g O = 3.747 mol O
Whole number ratio of S = 1.249 mol S/1.249 = 1 mol S

Whole number ratio of O = 3.747 mol O/ 1.249= 3 mol O

The simplest whole number mole ratio of S atoms to O atoms is

1:3. Hence, the empirical formula for the compound is SO3
Practice this problem:

Methyl acetate is a solvent commonly used in some paints,

inks, and adhesives. What is the empirical formula for methyl
acetate, which has a percent composition of 48.64% carbon,
8.16% carbon , and 43.20% oxygen?
 How is the molecular Formula determined?

Sample Problem:
What is the molecular of a compound with a molar mass of 60.0% g/mol and an empirical
Formula of CH4N?

Solution:

The first step is to calculate the molar mass of CH4N.Then, divide the given molar mass by the
Empirical formula molar mass to determine n which is the number of times the empirical
Found in the molecular formula.Then, the subscripts of the symbols in the empirical formula
are multiplied by the value of n to determine the actual subscripts in the molecular formula.
Molar mass CH4N = 12.0g + 4.0g + 14.0g = 30.0g/mol

Molar mass of compound is 60.0 g/mol

Solving for n,

N = 60.0 g/mol =2
30.0 g/mol
Multiplying the subscripts of CH4N by 2, the molecular formula
is ,therefore , C2H8N2. Does the molecular formula have the given molar
mass of the compound?
 Discussion
Mars
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which
gives the planet its reddish cast:

● Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt

● The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite
● Neptune is very far away from us
● Pluto now considered a dwarf planet

Discussion 1 Discussion 2
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus has a beautiful name and is the
and the smallest one in the entire Solar second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
System hot, more than Mercury
 Conclusions
Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is actually Venus has a very beautiful name and is
a very cold place the second planet from the Sun

Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Neptune is the fourth-largest planet by
and the smallest one diameter in the Solar System
A pictures is worth a thousand words
150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
Reference list
Do you know what helps you make your point
crystal clear?

Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
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● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience

won’t miss the point of your presentation ever
again
A picture always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
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Countries surrounding Indonesia
Mercury
Mercury is a small planet

Mars
Mars is made of basalt

Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant

Neptune
Neptune is far away from us
 Important factors of culture

Mars Mercury The Sun

Despite being red, Mars is Mercury is the closest planet The Sun is the star at the
actually a cold place to the Sun center of the Solar System

Neptune The Moon Pluto

Neptune is the farthest planet The Moon is Earth’s only Pluto is now considered
from the Sun natural satellite a dwarf planet
 Relevant dates
19xx 19xx
Mercury Neptune
Mercury is small It’s far away

19xx 19xx
Mars Earth
Mars is cold It has life
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