The Conservative Party

Recap – from the notes

1. Who led the party in the 1830s? Name one aim of the party from this time.
2. How did Disraeli broaden the appeal of the party in the late C19th century?
3. What is a mixed economy?
4. Name two policies associated with Thatcherism (the New Right).
5. Name key three differences between One Nation conservatives and New Right
conservatives.
6. When was John Major leader of the party (and PM)?
7. Who led the party during the Conservative/LibDem coalition government?
8. What was the ‘Big Society’?
9. What is a JAM?
10. What was the aim of the ‘austerity’ economic policy?
11. What issue dominated Theresa May’s time as leader?
12. Which policies have supported Johnson’s claim to be a One Nations conservative?
13. From the current manifesto, identify a policy on: the economy, law and order, foreign
affairs, welfare.
 What can you deduce from
Conservatives. these images?

Where did the ‘Tories’ come from?

• Origins in 17th century aristocracy.
• Defended Crown and Church of England.
• Many landowners.
• 1830s – Sir Robert Peel PM – had developed into a party with these interests.
• Did not want radical change – stressed importance of gradual change t conserve
the way things were – hence – CONSERVATIVES.
• Very successful – appealed not just to the rich but to the middle classes.
The Conservatives – a brief history
The Conservative Party is the oldest of all the political parties. It has its origin in pro-
monarchist movements in the 17th Century and evolved to become a party which is
primarily associated with the Middle and Upper Class from about 1817 onwards.

The Conservative Party of the 19th Century developed a policy of ‘One-Nation

Conservatism’ which it used to justify introducing limited welfare reforms to
alleviate the dire poverty in British society in a bid to deter a Socialist Revolution.

Throughout the 19th Century the Conservatives main rivals for power where the
Liberals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w8QnvQiOU4
Brief history
Alan History Nerd: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5ANwCYl4rI
Conservative Party division over Europe:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6flfHLvMeY
 What are the origins and features of the UK’s Conservative and
Unionist Party?

Can you name these

British Conservative
figures?

1680s-1730s: Supported the King against 1790s-1820s: Anti-French Revolution, defender of

Parliament and a more Catholically minded Church traditions of constitutional monarchy and
against Protestant reformers. ‘High Tory’ conservative social values. ‘Burkean Conservatism’

1800s: Defenders of Empire, Britain as dominant military and trading force.

Government as the ‘parent’ of citizens. ‘One Nation Tory’
20th century: Market rather than State economics, socially conservative
morals. Small state. Anti-Socialism. Influenced by Adam Smith’s ideas
about economics. ‘Thatcherism’

Key Words:

One Nation Conservatism – Originated in the mid 1800s under Conservative leader and PM Benjamin Disraeli. One nation conservatism advocates for a ‘paternalistic’
State that safeguards the traditions and institutions of the UK such as the rule of law and private property.

New Right – An ideology that emerged in the US and UK in the late 70s and 80s. Emphasis on free market capitalism, a small state and low spending on Welfare
leading to low taxation on wealth.
 The Sum Of All Conservatives
After the Second World War the Conservatives and Labour exchanged similar policies whilst
in Government on a range of issues. At this stage the Conservative Party was primarily
about slow and steady change.

However after Ted Heath’s electoral defeat, the party elected Margaret Thatcher in 1976.
She became Prime Minister in 1979 and preceded over a period of radical change such as
mass privatisation, defeating the miners’ strikes, war with Argentina, the growth of the
FTSE, social upheaval, industrial decline, the poll tax, poor relations with the EU and the
shrinking of the welfare state.

Under David Cameron the party 'detoxified' its image. Cameron announced he was a
'liberal Conservative' (socially tolerant – introduced gay marriage) and talked of the 'Big
Society' - emphasis on community. However, also introduced austerity to counter the credit
crisis, cutback on welfare and public spending.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07nl86h
Events leading to EU Referendum iplayer
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000f12b
Boris Johnson R4
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09m4wyx
The Cameron Years R4
Benjamin Disraeli (PM 1860s) ‘ONE NATION’ CONSERVATISM
Was concerned with growing
difference between rich and
poor due to capitalism
Became very popular after
WWII when Labour
government introduced
welfare state and a mixed
economy policy. Paternalistic social policy to
look after the poor
Free enterprise and state
intervention

In return the leaders would have the

Social reform and patriotic foreign right to rule
policy and strong national identity
 The New Right

The New Right came to prominence in the late 1970s and 1980s and is
linked to the policies of Margaret Thatcher in the UK and President Reagan
in the USA. The New Right school of thought sought to reduce state
intervention in the economy, while restoring order to society in the face of
rising challenges from militant trade unions and other groups on the left.
Its radical policy agenda rejected the instinct of one-nation conservatives
to seek compromise.

The New Right combines two further strands:

Neo-conservatives – wanted the state to take a more authoritarian
approach to morality and law and order.
Neo-liberals – endorsed the free market and the rolling back of the state in
people's lives and businesses.
 Reduces state intervention – ‘roll back the state’
Thatcher (PM 79-90)
NEW RIGHT
TASK: Which of these policies would More radical arm of Conservatism
Individual responsibility be favoured by neo-conservatives,
neo-liberals, both?
Anti-TU / legal limits to
their power
Protect national
sovereignty – against EC
(EU)
Encouraged competition and choice
British interests abroad – – market forces / laissez faire
anti Soviet

Tough on law and order

Reduce government
spending / reduce tax
Privatisation – away from Incentivise business
nationalisation growth / enterprise
MT - Divisive figure Blair (Labour) held Policies didn’t appeal to more
power for 13 years diverse(and younger) electorate
(people)
Both admired and
resented Cons couldn’t shake
off Thatcher’s label Cameron in 2005 brought fresher
look / thinking
(‘Liberal Conservative’)
John Major less
confrontational
Focus on environment /
diversity / pro-immigration / NHS
His term dominated
by trying to ‘Big Society’ – bond between
reconcile splits over people and state. Gay marriage
Europe (pro and legalised – away from MT.
anti)
2010 – enough support to form
coalition gov with the Lib Dems
Many scandals led
to Labour winning in
1997
 How did Thatcher shape the modern Conservative party?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGGc5a7LVPE
Thatcher - A Very British Revolution episode 1 - Making Margaret - video Dailymotion

“To cure the British disease with socialism was like trying to
cure leukaemia with leeches.”
“Freedom will destroy itself if it is not exercised within some sort of moral framework,
some body of shared beliefs, some spiritual heritage transmitted through the Church, the
family, and the school.”
“Every family should have the right to spend their money, after tax, as they wish, and not
as the government dictates. Let us extend choice, extend the will to choose and the chance
to choose.”
“There are significant differences between the American and European version of capitalism.
The American traditionally emphasizes the need for limited government, light regulations,
low taxes and maximum labour-market flexibility. Its success has been shown above all in the
ability to create new jobs, in which it is consistently more successful than Europe.”
 2010 – 2015 The Coalition
The coalition is formed https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00934tm
Cameron announces the coalition with the Liberal Democrats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkaCz226rFM

Criticism of the Coalition govt from CBS News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-u4ahdttso

2010 Election Result
Hung parliament:
Party Seats 650 seats – Sinn Fein 5 – Speaker 1 = 644
Conservative Party 306 Conservatives + DUP= 314
Labour Party 258 Labour + SNP + Plaid + SDLP + Alliance + Ind + Green = 273
Balance of power held by the 57 Lib Dem seats
Liberal Democrats 57
• In the five days following the election, The Conservative
Scottish National Party 6
Party and the Lib Dems agreed a formal coaltion
Plaid Cymru 3 government in which David Cameron became the Prime
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 8 Minister and Nick Clegg became the deputy Prime Minister.
• Both parties formed the cabinet.
Sinn Fein 5
• In return for their support, the Lib Dems negotiated a
SDLP/ Alliance/ Independent – NI parties 5 referendum on changing the electoral system – though this
Green Party 1 was unsuccessful.
Speaker 1
 Cameron's policies
The economy:
• Economic policy Cameron's priority was to reduce the budget deficit inherited from the previous Labour government. In
traditional Conservative fashion Cameron and his Chancellor, George Osborne, accused their predecessors of irresponsible
over-spending, which they blamed for the financial crisis of 2008. Their response in office was to insist on a programme of
public spending cuts, dubbed 'austerity', to maintain the confidence of the financial markets and prevent Britain's
borrowing costs from rising. The budgets of Whitehall departments (with some exceptions, such as health, schools and
international aid) were cut by up to 25 per cent. The concept of the 'Big Society' had never been properly defined, and
some now came to regard it as a smokescreen for cutting costs, by withdrawing the state from the provision of public
services.
Welfare:The coalition's policies were intended to cut costs and encourage those receiving benefits to be more self-reliant.
Osborne distinguished between hard-working 'strivers' and undeserving 'shirkers', whom the government sought to
penalise. The 'universal credit' system, which merges a number of in-work benefits in one payment, is intended to simplify
the welfare system and encourage low-income people to take up employment. The coalition also implemented a radical
overhaul of the NHS, allowing the private sector to compete with state hospitals. Controversially, the Surestart initiative (a
Labour programme education and child care provision for families with pre-schoolchildren) was scrapped. The government
also introduced higher university tuition fees. Cameron also introduced the 'bedroom tax' - a reduction of housing benefit
for those who had extra bedrooms which they were not using.
 Cameron's policies
Law and Order:
Law and order In opposition Cameron seemed to take a more liberal attitude towards law and order, calling for more understanding of
young offenders in a speech dubbed 'hug a hoodie' by the media. In office he tried to follow a balanced approach to crime. He
supported tough sentencing for certain crimes, especially after the August 2011 London riots, but promoted a 'rehabilitation
revolution' to reduce the problem of re offending by people leaving prison unprepared for life on the outside. The coalition
government rewarded private firms and charities that helped criminals in their rehabilitation, using a 'payment by results' scheme.
Cameron's policies on law and order resembled Tony Blair's insistence that government must be 'tough on crime, tough on the causes
of crime'. Although the privatization of the probation service was widely criticized.

· Foreign policy Cameron's approach was consistent with Thatcherism in most important respects, featuring strong links with the USA,
support for air strikes against Islamic terror groups in Syria and Iraq (however, in 2013 Parliament voted against air strikes on
Syria) and a pragmatic Euroscepticism. Cameron tried, as Thatcher did in the 1980s, to fight his corner in the EU. He renegotiated the
terms of British membership before holding a referendum, in which he championed the 'Remain' side. He resigned in July 2016 after
the referendum resulted in a majority vote to leave the EU.

Social policy: Cameron championed and legalised gay marriage. Interestingly, there was a backbench rebellion from Conservative
MPs against the measure which was passed because of Labour support.
 2015 – 2019 Brexit, Cameron and May
Boris v Dave – Johnson and Cameron's working relationship https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq6ycnTgWNM

• 2015 – The Conservative Party win an outright majority in the election with David Cameron as Prime
Minister
• 2016 – Under pressure from Eurosceptics within the party and the threat of increasing popularity
from Nigel Farage's UKIP, Cameron announces the Referendum on whether to leave or remain within
the EU.
• Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, cabinet ministers in Cameron's govt, back the Leave campaign.
• Leave win the referendum and Cameron resigns as leader.
• Boris Johnson runs for the leadership of the Conservative party but is unsuccessful (at the last
moment he loses the support of Michael Gove which splits his supporters)
• Theresa May becomes leader and Prime Minister. She appoints Johnson as her Foreign Secretary
• 2017 – May calls a snap general election hoping to increase her majority but the result is a minority
government. May forms a government with the support of the DUP.
• 2018 – 2019. May negotiates the Withdrawal Agreement with the EU but this fails to pass in
the HOC three times. 'Hard' Brexiteers from the ERG faction of the party (European Research Group)
resign from the govt and vote against the Withdrawal Act
• Eventually, her authority diminished, May resigns as leader. Johnson becomes leader and Prime
Minister
 2019 Boris Johnson and 'Get Brexit Done'

• Boris Johnson negotiates a new deal with the EU

• Prorogation of Parlaiment – overruled by the Supreme court
• As Johnson does not have a majority in the HOC, nearly all of his proposals fail
• 2019 General Election – Conservatives win with an 80 seat majority
• 2020 – Withdrawal Act passes into law and the UK leaves the EU in January.
• Transition period
• Coronavirus

Radical conservatives? From the Financial Times:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbGhvVGzYsI
 What does it mean to be a Conservative in the 21st century?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eD9RDTl6tM

Watch the first few minutes of this link. What does Roger Scruton suggest defines a Conservative in the modern day?

What has David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson’s brand of
conservatism been?
‘One-Nation New Right
On: Tory’ libertarian
-Economic Policy
-Welfare Policy
Centre Right-Wing
-Law and Order
-Foreign Policy
https://www.conservatives.com/our-plan 2019 Manifesto

Complete the table on each leader's policies

Challenge: What kind of conservatives are they? Pro-Remain Pro-Leave

Rise and fall of Liz Truss: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW-etTAfSoU

Rishi Sunak – where next? https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/63660013
 Evaluate the view that the Conservative Party is still Thatcherite
Make a table comparing the key policies of Thatcher, Cameron, May and Johnson:
Thatcher (New Right) Cameron May Johnson (One nation?)
The economy Privatisation
Control of public
sending
Limits on the power of
Trade unions
Welfare
Foreign Affairs Desire to protect
national sovereignty –
limit growth of the EU
Law and order Tough approach.
Increased police
powers
Social policies

Constitutional
reform
 How far is the modern Conservative party still
Thatcherite?
One-Nation New Right (Thatcherite)
Economy

Welfare
Foreign
affairs

Law and order/immigration

Civil liberties

TASK:
Listen to A Level Politics Show podcast on the Conservative Party recorded Nov 21:
https://anchor.fm/nick-de-souza/episodes/The-Conservative-Party-e1adeqs

And updated here in Oct 22: The Conservative Party by The A Level Politics Show (anchor.fm)
Make a table outlining how far recent Conservative policies have remained New Right and
how far the party has moved towards One Nation policies.
 How far is the modern Conservative party still
Thatcherite?
One-Nation New Right (Thatcherite)
Economy 2009 – in opposition, Conservative govt did not 2010-2015 Cameron austerity policies
oppose govt intervention in banking crisis. 2021 Budget – froze fuel duty on internal flights and
2017 – May proposed to invest in industry cut air passenger duty.
2020 – furlough scheme 2019 manifesto –promised not to raise NI
2021 - £96 billion investment in railways announced contributions.
2021 U-turn, NI raised to pay for social care
Evaluation: Cameron govt still Thatcherite on the economy but May, and particularly since Johnson became PM, policies
show more govt intervention in the economy so moving in a one-nation direction.
Welfare Cameron ring-fenced spending on NHS Cameron: proposed GP services took control of
Johnson – local authorities could increase council tax own budgets (no longer dependent on
to fund social care health authorities)/ partly privatised Royal Mail/
2020 Budget increased funding for education and 'bedroom tax' reduced housing benefit
promised 50, 000 more nurses. 2017 May proposed cuts to free school meals
Promise of "leveling up" 2021 Johnson reduced Universal Credit by £20 week
Evaluation: Attitude to welfare payments remain New Right but attitudes to public spending, particularly on health, have
become more in line with one-nation, paternal, noblesse oblige. However, have all these policies been delivered?

https://anchor.fm/nick-de-souza/episodes/The-Conservative-Party-e1adeqs
 How far is the modern Conservative party still
One-Nation Thatcherite? New Right (Thatcherite)
Foreign Most Conservative MPs campaigned to remain in 2019 + Johnson supported Brexit and are still in
Affairs EU opposition with the EU over the Northern Ireland
Many Con MPs voted against reduction to foreign Protocol.
aid budget. Supported wars in Afghanistan
International co-operation – COP 26 Tightening up anti-terrorism laws
2021 Reduced foreign aid budget
Evaluation: Party now less internationalist and more neo-conservative with closer links to the USA
Civil Liberties May supported workers represented on company 2016 – trade union turnout – limiting right to strike
boards Looking to reform the Human Rights Act
2019 – proposed raise of minimum wage to £10.50
Evaluation: Very few policies, fewer laws to promote worker' rights and working conditions. tough on protestors, all suggest
party is New Right.
Law and Cameron favoured rehab rather than imprisonment Attempts to limit immigration since 2010 including the
Order/ for drug offences. Windrush scandal under May – quotas on deportations
Immigration May warned police against possible racism in stop 2020 – points based immigration system
and search numbers 2021 – increased police powers, longer sentences for
Johnson passes domestic abuse bill. protestors.
Evaluation: Party has moved more to a New Right stance
Social issues Cameron: Big Society/gay marriage Johnson – 'libertarian' against lockdowns. Against
'woke' - against taking the knee.
 Can you define these key terms?
• Conservatism –
• Monetarism –
• Neo-liberalism –
• Thatcherism –
• Paternalist conservatism –
• One-nation conservatism –
 Can you define these key terms?
• Conservatism – a loose ideology favouring pragmatic approach to dealing with problems, while seeking
to persevere the status quo.

• Monetarism – an economic theory which advocates controlling the money supply as a means of
controlling inflation.

• Neo-liberalism – Political ideology stressing the importance of free markets, individual rights and limited
government. A key feature of Thatcherism.

• Thatcherism – an ideological approach combing free-market neo-liberal economics with a more orthodox
conservative policy.

• Paternalist conservatism – where power and authority are held centrally but the state acts benevolently
and cares for the neediest. A key characteristic of one-nation conservatism.

• One-nation conservatism – an ideology which stresses slow, progressive change, Keynesian economics
and support of universal welfare.
Evaluate the view that the Conservative Party is still Thatcherite.

One reason why some may believe that the Conservative party is still Thatcherite is
due to recent manifestoes. In the 2019 manifesto, Johnson promised not to raise The CP is now
national insurance, VAT and income tax which is a neo-liberal policy as it focuses on one-nation
cutting back state funding. However, he did raise national insurance to help NHS shown by these
backlogs which suggests a more one-nation approach as it is to help social care. policies (AO1)
This could imply that due to covid, the Conservative party has been forced into because ….
becoming more one-nation to help the economy and welfare to improve. (AO2)

Alternatively, it wasn't just the 2019 manifesto that followed New Right policies. However, the CP
There are other factors to make me believe that the CP is still New Right. Cameron has been in the
favoured lower public spending as he cut £25 billion in public spending. past and is
Furthermore, in 2021, Sunak froze fuel duty and duty on internal passenger flights. still New Right
All this follows a New Right agenda of cutting taxes to cut public spending which shown by these
follows New Right ideology to reduce state intervention in the economy. policies (AO1)
because....(AO2)
Overall, I believe that the CP still have a New Right ideology to the economy,
however, they are slowly moving to one-nation Conservatives as they are bringing
out new policies that focus on helping the economy.
AO3: it's New Right but moving to one-nation. But what
is this based on? Why don't you think it's trying to be
one-nation but is still very much New Right?
Evaluate the view that the Conservative Party is still Thatcherite.

One reason why some may believe that the Conservative party is still Thatcherite is due
to recent manifestoes. In the 2019 manifesto, Johnson promised not to raise national The CP is now
insurance, VAT and income tax which is a neo-liberal policy as it focuses on cutting back one-nation
state funding. However, he did raise national insurance to help NHS backlogs which shown by these
suggests a more one-nation approach as it is to help social care. This could imply that policies (AO1)
due to covid, the Conservative party has been forced into becoming more one-nation because ….
to help the economy and welfare to improve. (AO2)
Alternatively, it wasn't just the 2019 manifesto that followed New Right policies. There However, the CP
are other factors to make me believe that the CP is still New Right. Cameron favoured has been in the
lower public spending as he cut £25 billion in public spending. Furthermore, in 2021, past and is
Sunak froze fuel duty and duty on internal passenger flights. All this follows a New still New Right
Right agenda of cutting taxes to cut public spending which follows New Right ideology shown by these
to reduce state intervention in the economy. policies (AO1)
Cameron's policies show that leaders since Thatcher have maintained new right policies because....(AO2)
and, although some of Johnson's recent pledges suggest some movement towards a
one-nation approach, his government is also still introducing many economic
measures which are new right policies. Therefore, overall we can conclude that that
the CP still have a New Right ideology to the economy.
AO3: Overall, more policies have been new right so the
party is still Thatcherite.
Evaluate the view that the Conservative Party is still Thatcherite.

One reason why some may believe that the Conservative party is still Thatcherite is due to recent
manifestoes. In the 2019 manifesto, Johnson promised not to raise national insurance, VAT and income tax
which is a neo-liberal policy as it focuses on cutting back state funding. However, he did raise national
The CP is now
insurance to help NHS backlogs which suggests a more one-nation approach as it is to help social care. This one-nation
could imply that due to covid, the Conservative party has been forced into becoming more one-nation to help shown by these
the economy and welfare to improve. policies (AO1)
Alternatively, it wasn't just the 2019 manifesto that followed New Right policies. There are other factors to because ….
make me believe that the CP is still New Right. Cameron favoured lower public spending as he cut £25 billion (AO2)
in public spending. Furthermore, in 2021, Sunak froze fuel duty and duty on internal passenger flights. All this
follows a New Right agenda of cutting taxes to cut public spending which follows New Right ideology to However, the CP
reduce state intervention in the economy.
has been in the
Cameron's policies show that leaders since Thatcher have maintained new right policies and, although some past and is
of Johnson's recent pledges suggest some movement towards a one-nation approach, his government is also
still introducing many economic measures which are new right policies. It could also be argued that still New Right
Johnson's one-nation measures have been forced by external circumstances – namely the covid pandemic shown by these
which threatened the livelihoods of working people and would have had serious negative effects on NHS policies (AO1)
and social care provision. So the CP only adopts one-nation measures in extreme circumstances and we can because....(AO2)
conclude, therefore, that the CP still have a New Right ideology to the economy at heart.

AO3: Overall, more policies have been new right, and

those few that aren't were due to external pressures so
the party is still firmly Thatcherite.
Evaluate the view that the Conservative Party is still Thatcherite.

One reason why some may believe that the Conservative party is still Thatcherite is due to recent
manifestoes. In the 2019 manifesto, Johnson promised not to raise national insurance, VAT and income tax
which is a neo-liberal policy as it focuses on cutting back state funding. However, he did raise national
The CP is now
insurance to help NHS backlogs which suggests a more one-nation approach as it is to help social care. This one-nation
could imply that due to covid, the Conservative party has been forced into becoming more one-nation to help shown by these
the economy and welfare to improve. policies (AO1)
Alternatively, it wasn't just the 2019 manifesto that followed New Right policies. There are other factors to because ….
make me believe that the CP is still New Right. Cameron favoured lower public spending as he cut £25 billion (AO2)
in public spending. Furthermore, in 2021, Sunak froze fuel duty and duty on internal passenger flights. All this
follows a New Right agenda of cutting taxes to cut public spending which follows New Right ideology to However, the CP
reduce state intervention in the economy.
has been in the
Cameron's policies show that leaders since Thatcher have maintained new right policies and, although some past and is
of Johnson's recent pledges suggest some movement towards a one-nation approach, his government is also
still introducing many economic measures which are new right policies. It could also be argued that Johnson's still New Right
one-nation measures have been forced by external circumstances – namely the covid pandemic which shown by these
threatened the livelihoods of working people and would have had serious negative effects on NHS and social policies (AO1)
care provision. In addition, the national insurance rise will affect poorer working people as well as more because....(AO2)
wealthy earners whereas wealthier people and businesses are more likely to benefit from the freeze on
internal flight duties so it could be argued that Johnson's one-nation measures are much weaker than his
new right tax cuts. So the CP only adopts one-nation measures in extreme circumstances and its one-nation
measures are often over-shadowed by a strong new right agenda. For this reason, we can conclude,
therefore, that the CP still have a New Right ideology to the economy at heart.

AO3: Overall, more policies have been new right, and those few that aren't were due to external
pressures AND they were still more likely to favour the rich so the party is still firmly Thatcherite.
 Task:
• Draw a Venn diagram on A3 landscape and label with One Nation Toryism and Thatcherism/New
Right
• Use your notes from the handout to place each viewpoint, main idea or policy on the diagram.
• What is their core through time?

Recap the key moments in the Conservative Party’s history to establish with their ‘core
policies and ideas’ are
Recap the key moments in the Conservative Party’s history to establish with their ‘core
policies and ideas’ are