MITOSIS

GENERAL BIOLOGY I
KARYOKIN
ESIS
• also known as “mitosis“
• a process of cell reproduction in which one cell gives rise to two genetically
identical daughter cells.
• is divided into a series of phases -- prophase, prometaphase, anaphase, and
telophase -- that result in the division of the cell nucleus.
 MITOSIS
PROCESS

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

PROPHASE
• During the first phase, the chromosomes condense and become visible,
resulting in the formation of well - defined chromosomes, each
consisting of two sister chromatids.

• Spindle fiber emerges from the centrosomes.

• Nuclear envelope breaks down.

• Nucleolus disappears.
PROMETAPH
ASE
• Chromosomes continue to condense.

• Kinetochores appear at the centromeres.

• Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores.

• Centronomes move toward opposite poles.

METAPHAS
E
• characterized as the alignment of the chromosomes along the midline of
the cell (methaphase/equator plate)

• When the nuclear membrane dissolves in prophase, some of the

microtubules of the spindle are captured by the kinetochores.

• At the conclusion of metaphase, the chromatid pairs are positioned to

separate.
ANAPHASE
• The cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate at the
centromere.

• Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward

the centronome to which its microtubule is attached.

• The cell becomes visibly elongated (oval shaped) as the polar

microtubules slide against each other at the metaphase palter where
they overlap.
TELOPHAS
E
• The chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense

• Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes.

• The mitotic spindle breaks down.

CYTOKINE
SIS
• The cell division is completed via the physical separation of the
cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.
• Division is not complete until the cell components have been
apportioned and completely separated into the two daughter cells.
CYTOKINE
SIS
• Cytokinesis follows the onset of anaphase.

• A contractile ring composed of actin filaments forms just inside the

plasma mebrane at the former metaphase plate. The actin filaments
pull the equator of the cell inward, forming a fissure. As the actin
ring contracts and the fissure deepens, the membrane is separated
into two.
MITOSIS
 ERRORS IN
MITOSIS
• Due to non - disjunction (or failure to separate) of chromosomes or
sister chromatids and may result to chromosomal mutation.
• Mosaicism is a consequence of mitosis passing on the mutation to
some cells. It is a condition where some cells in an individual have a
mutant version of a gene while other cells in the same individual
have a normal version of the same gene.
 ERRORS IN
MITOSIS
• If the mutant genotype is widespread and harmful enough, the
mutation can have a major impact. Mosaicism usually results from
non - disjunction of sister chromatids during fetal development. An
example of this is hemophilia, a blood - clotting disorder.