Advanced Landscape Technology

AL4040
BACHELOR OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (Hons)
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

Dharaka Danthanarayana
192906H
BLA19 Level 04
Assignment – 01
Question 01
• Define your own landscape project.
• Identify and select the possible readymade hard landscape solution.
• Describe the Architectural, Structural, Cost, and Time impact on your selections.

Entrance

Scenic
Walkway

Forest Walk

Resting Area

This landscape design is

proposed for an aquaculture
research center in the Negaombo
lagoon adding value and sharing
knowledge for the community
while bringing alternative
tourism opportunities
Space 01 – Entrance
The entrance zone has been configured with an access roadway and an adjoining raised
promenade, offering an inviting gateway to the area and affording visitors a perspective of their
onward journey.

Readymade hard landscape solution ;

Access road : Concrete paving blocks and curb edges
Raised promenade: Wooden balusters, treated timber slats

Space 02 – Scenic walkway

A straight pathway and a timbered boardwalk have been conceived to offer a respite from the
hustle and bustle of urban living, immersing individuals in a journey through serene blue and green
surroundings

Readymade hard landscape solution ;

Pathway Porous paving (colored) and grass paving blocks (concrete), white ribbon seating
(concrete), concrete curb edges, wooden balusters
Boardwalk: Treated timber slats

Space 03 – Forest walk

The slender route winding through the luxuriant greenery imparts a feeling of serene seclusion to
those traversing it.

Readymade hard landscape solution ;

Walkway: Dark brown porous paving, alloy steel edgings

Space 04 – Resting area

The expansive assembly zone and amenity area have been crafted to offer a dedicated space for
individuals to pause, relax and congregate.

Readymade hard landscape solution;

Open Lawn area: white curved concrete seating strips
Waterside walkway: porous paving (colored concrete),metal handrails

When selecting structural elements for each planned space, ready-made hardscape solutions
commonly used in the project can be extracted as follows.
1. Concrete paving blocks
2. Treated timber slats
3. Concrete seating
4. Curb edges
5. Metal handrails
6. Wooden balusters
Concrete paving blocks
Architectural design
The primary factors taken into account for the pavement selection encompassed color palette,
surface texture, geometric configurations, and overall design aesthetics. The design necessitated the
incorporation of rectangular and square-shaped paving units, featuring various hues of light gray and
multiple dimensions.
However, it was crucial to select block sizes that would promote user-friendly walking. Concrete
pavers, owing to their versatility in styles and color options, offered an adaptable solution tailored to
meet the project's specific requirements. Additionally, the wide array of design possibilities and
shapes inherent to block pavers served to augment the overall visual allure of the design.

Structural possibility
The primary considerations revolve around pavement thickness and strength, essential attributes to
ensure the pavement's capacity to withstand the load-bearing demands of pedestrian traffic and
bicycle usage within designated areas. Moreover, the durability of the chosen material is pivotal, as it
contributes to the pavement's longevity and its ability to endure sustained, continuous use over
time.

Time
Readily availability cuts down on wasted time for element fabrication or production, and quick
installation also greatly reduces construction time.

Cost
Given their mass production, concrete paving blocks benefit from economies of scale, resulting in
cost-effective pricing. Moreover, their standardized pricing, coupled with minimal hidden costs,
facilitates accurate pre-estimation of the overall installation expenses for our design.
The ease of assembly and maintenance, with no need for specialized tools or machinery, further
contributes to the cost-efficiency of employing concrete paving blocks.

Treated timber slats

Architectural design
The primary factor influencing the choice of wood flooring was its ability to impart a natural
aesthetic. For the boardwalk, we sought larger-sized pavers with earthy, nature-inspired hues that
seamlessly harmonize with the verdant surroundings. Wood's versatility, allowing staining in various
shades, coupled with its adaptability in terms of sizing (offering a range of widths and lengths for
each application), enables effortless customization of the pavers to align with diverse design criteria.
This approach enhances the visual appeal of the exits, making them far more attractive than
conventional concrete pavers for achieving a natural, organic appearance.

Structural possibility
The considerations revolve around quality and load-bearing capacity, ensuring that the pavement
can adequately endure the stresses exerted by pedestrian traffic.

Time
Since the panels are pre-fabricated it will take shorter construction times.

Cost
Timber paving is typically more affordable than other materials and offers cost-effective options. Its
construction process is simplified, especially for ground-level paving, as it doesn't require heavy
excavation or retaining wall construction. Even in elevated structures, the use of supporting posts
keeps labor costs low.
Concrete Seating
Architectural design
The wide range of color options in the paving material complements the surrounding elements within
the scheme. Additionally, its flexibility in shaping, such as creating wavy ribbon seats that follow the
site's topography, and the capacity to generate diverse surface textures, offer users a multitude of
experiences in each area, enhancing their overall appeal.

Structural possibility
These materials exhibit a high load-bearing capacity and optimal strength, capable of enduring daily
wear and ensuring long-lasting performance. Furthermore, they are resistant to scratches and gouges,
demonstrating excellent heat and cold resistance properties.

Time
On-site casting offers the advantage of shorter curing times, making installations highly time-efficient.
In contrast, pre-cast elements require minimal transportation and assembly time when brought to the
site. Furthermore, both methods result in significantly reduced maintenance time and efforts.

Cost
The affordability of these goods, given their unique and high-quality nature, is notable. The primary
materials used in their production, including cement, aggregates, and other raw materials, are cost-
effective. However, skilled labor and expertise contribute to higher pricing when crafting design-specific
end products. Nonetheless, customization and design expenses can be minimized as well.

Concrete Curbs
Architectural design
The choice of color, surface texture, and design, including dimensions and shapes, serves to accentuate
neighboring properties by creating distinct boundaries between the walkway and green spaces or water
features. Furthermore, the reflective properties of the surface enhance pavement edge definition,
contributing to improved nighttime visibility and overall safety.

Structural possibility
The primary concerns centered around the material's ability to enhance compaction and preserve edge
integrity when subjected to traffic loads.

Time
The use of pre-stressed and pre-fabricated products significantly reduces construction time.
Additionally, it enhances time efficiency when it comes to maintenance.

Cost
The cost advantages of mass production result in more affordable pricing, making these products
economically viable. Furthermore, their standardized pricing with fewer variations and reduced hidden
costs enables straightforward pre-estimation of the total installation cost for our design.

Metal Handrails
Architectural design
The color, smooth surface, and design, including dimensions and shapes, serve to highlight adjacent
properties by creating distinct boundaries dueto their polished and shiny appearance. Additionally, the
reflective nature of this surface defines pavement edges and enhances nighttime visibility, contributing
to safety. The visual appearance of metal handrails alone signifies their strength. Moreover, the
flexibility of steel fabrication allows for the creation of customized designs that align with project
specifications, making structural handrails a suitable choice.
Structural possibility
The primary factors taken into consideration were the robust attributes of heavy-duty qualities,
including versatility, enhanced durability, and sturdiness.

Time
Utilizing pre-fabricated products significantly reduces construction time and enhances time efficiency
for maintenance tasks.

Cost
When compared to other materials, structural steel handrails are reasonably cost-effective.
Additionally, their lack of a need for periodic finishing makes them a more cost-effective solution in the
long run.

Wooden Balusters (Wooden Handrails)

Architectural design
The primary consideration was the natural aesthetic achieved by using wood. Wood's versatility in
terms of staining in various colors and its ease of sizing, with availability in different widths and lengths
for various applications, make it ideal for customizing handrails to meet diverse design specifications.
This customization enhances the attractiveness of the handrails, particularly for achieving a natural
appearance in exits. Timber fabrication further allows for the creation of designs tailored to project
requirements, ensuring structural handrails seamlessly fit project specifications.

Structural possibility
The main considerations were the durability and sturdiness. The durability makes them the ideal
addition to the area with heavy traffic.

Time
Utilizing pre-fabricated products significantly reduces construction time and requires minimal effort
and time for maintenance.

Cost
The durability and low maintenance requirements make it a cost-effective strategy for saving expenses.
Mr. Sue is a factory owner. There are around 1000 workers working in his factory. He wishes to
monitor the workers’ attendance in a quick way. He identified that face detention with multiple
entrances to factory premises is the quickest way to monitor the workers’ attendance. His landscape
architect sketched the following entrance to discuss with Mr. Sue. Could you please help him size
7 the
structural members?
1.5 1.5

D1

EGL +0.15m

SECTION
30

Column 15 Column Column

D3 D2 8
B3
B2 B1
D4 S

Column Female Column Column

Male

PLAN VIEW

(In the above sketches, ‘D’ means depth and ‘B’ means breadth of each relevant component.)

In reference to thumb rule, Beam width to depth

Reference thumb rule for column = H/14
ratio > 0.3
Therefore;
Therefore;
D1 = 5 / 14
B2 > D3 * 0.3
D1 = 0.357 m = 357 mm
B2 > 0.188 * 0.3
Reference thumb rule for continuous beam =
B1 > 0.0564 m
L/21 Therefore;
D2 = 15 / 21
Reference thumb rule for simply supported beam
D2 = 0.714 m = 714 mm
= L/16 Therefore;
D4 = 8 / 16
In reference to thumb rule, Beam width to
D4 = 0.5 m = 500 mm
depth ratio > 0.3 Therefore;
B1 > D2 * 0.3
In reference to thumb rule, Beam width to depth
B1 > 0.714 * 0.3
ratio > 0.3 Therefore;
B1 > 0.214 m
B3 > D4 * 0.3
B3 > 0.5 * 0.3
Reference thumb rule for cantilever beam =
B3 > 0.15 m
L/8
Therefore;
Reference thumb rule for two-way slab = Slab
D3 = 1.5 / 8
perimeter/180 Therefore;
D3 = 0.188 m = 188 mm
S = (15+8+15+8) / 180 = 46 / 180
S = 0.255 m
Question 03

The Mayor of the Central Municipal Council has decided to convert a fairly flat and large bare land
into a stadium. Mayor’s object is to conduct all forms of outdoor sports in this stadium day and
night. It may include open and shaded pavilions, a VIP stall, a media stall, a parking facility, an open
swimming pool, washrooms, changing rooms, players’ restrooms, protection fences, light towers,
etc. Mr. Mayor selected you as a landscape architect to convert the said bare land into a functional
stadium. Discuss the design sequence and use of explored knowledge.
Complete the design presentation to the client.

1.Client brief

The Mayor of the Central Municipality has made the decision to transform a spacious, level vacant lot
into a stadium with the primary goal of accommodating a wide range of outdoor sports activities both
during the day and at night. . It may include open and shaded pavilions, VIP stalls, media stalls, parking
facilities, an outdoor swimming pool, washrooms, changing rooms, players' restrooms, security fences,
light towers, etc.

2. Identified requirements
Mini Gym/ Canteen/ Scoreboards/ Admin office/ Security points/ Ticket Counters/ Maintenance &
Janitor rooms/ Store/ Generator room/ Pump room/ First aid room/ Medical officer room

3.Connectivity Diagram
4.Schematic layout

4.Detail Design Elements

Open pavilion

capacity
The open pavilion has to cater to 75% of the spectators. Therefore assuming the number of
spectators is around 30,000 and the open pavilion has to provide space for,

= 30,000x 75/100
= 22,500 people

Tiered or sloped
To effectively delineate the area and provide each section with the necessary visual separation,
the space should incorporate a tiered pavilion design resembling steps.

Connectivity to play area

The area should maintain a visual connection with the space while having a physical barrier to
prevent direct access to the playground.

Safety
A secure fence should be erected to prevent direct access to the playground, and a lockable gate
mechanism must be in place to ensure entry is controlled. The installation of an appropriate
lighting system and effective way finding signage can further enhance the security of the pavilion
area.
Design
The design of the open pavilion should take into account the existing terrain, with a focus on improving
aesthetics and security. The tiered section will provide seating and additional hard landscaping space,
while the sloped area can be transformed into a softer landscape with turf grass, creating a comfortable
space for people to sit and observe. This design emphasizes the qualities of openness and spaciousness
within the environment.

Elements
This outdoor project boasts a sloped lawn with multiple gathering terraces, accompanied by tiered
seating on a concrete-paved area. Digital screening elements add a modern touch, while safety is
ensured with handrails and fences. It's a multifunctional space blending aesthetics, functionality, and
safety.

Materials
The project includes stainless steel handrails, pre-fabricated plastic seating, a tiered area constructed
with cast-in-place concrete and precast concrete paving, a grassy turf section, and pre-made solutions
for access paths like concrete interlock paving.

Design Details and Member sizing

Following the initial considerations, the design of the open pavilion can progress by addressing specific
design details and sizing of its components. Existing ready-made solutions can serve as valuable
references for this new design, drawing from the member sizing of previously completed projects.
When proposing design elements, it's essential to factor in the anticipated capacity to determine how
many users the space can accommodate simultaneously.
Furthermore, for a playing area with natural grass, careful attention should be given to the land's
drainage and irrigation systems to ensure proper maintenance

Shaded Pavilion
Capacity
The shaded pavilion has to cater to 20% of the remaining spectators. So, assuming the number of
spectators is around 30,000 and the shaded pavilion has to be provided space for,
30,000x 20/100 = 6,000 people
(Accordingly, we can get an idea about the size of the space.)

Tiered or Sloped
To meet the visual preferences of users, the space should be designed in a tiered configuration.

Connectivity to play area

The area should maintain a visual connection with the space while avoiding physical connection.
Additionally, it's advisable to introduce barriers between the pavilion and the play area to clearly define
safety and accessibility restrictions.

Safety
CCTV ought to be used. There should be handrails along opened waiting areas (in viewing terraces etc.).
Also, the structural safety is needed to take into the consideration.

Design
In the design of the shaded pavilion, it is imperative to take into account capacity, connectivity, and
safety factors. One potential utilization of the lower floor of the pavilion could be designated for a public
canteen, as well as changing rooms and first aid facilities for the players. Moreover, it's essential to
create a clear demarcation between the open pavilion and the shaded pavilion to enhance functionality
and user experience.
Elements
The design incorporates seating integrated into the paved tiers, ensuring user comfort and convenience.
Additionally, safety measures are implemented through the use of handrails and fences to enhance the
overall security of the area.

Materials
The design includes polymer or plastic seating, providing durable and weather-resistant seating options.
Stainless steel handrails enhance safety and aesthetics. The tiered area is constructed with cast-in-place
concrete, offering stability and a polished finish for the flooring.

Design details and Member sizing

Utilizing ready-made solutions for seating and structural elements ensures ease of installation, time
efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Practical experience, rather than theory, guides member sizing using a
thumb rule as an approximate method. Attention to anthropometrics, especially for seating, is essential.

VIP stall
Capacity
The VIP stall has to cater to the remaining 5% of the spectators. So, assuming the number of spectators
is around 30,000 and the shaded pavilion has to be provided space for,
30,000x 5/100 = 1,500 people
(Accordingly, we can get an idea about the size of the space.)

Tiered or Sloped
The space should be designed with tiered elements in response to users' visual preferences

Connectivity to play area

The area should maintain a visual connection with the space through glass but without physical access,
similar to the other pavilions. Additionally, it is advisable to introduce barriers between the stall and the
play area to clearly define safety and accessibility restrictions.

Safety
The stall should be equipped with various damage-proofing devices, including cricket ball-resistant
features such as glazed windows and sliding doors for protection during matches. Additionally, the
implementation of CCTV surveillance is recommended for security purposes.

Design
The tiered seating should be designed to provide ample space, allowing for comfortable movement.
Flooring, wall finishes, and structural elements such as windows and doors should be adaptable to an
air-conditioned environment for added comfort.

Elements
The design incorporates stadium chairs in the tiers for comfortable seating. It also features glass
windows to provide visibility and aesthetics. Safety is ensured through the use of handrails and fences.

Materials
The design includes stainless steel handrails for safety and durability. It features ready-made deep
cushioned stadium chairs for comfort. The tiered area is constructed with cast-in-place concrete steps,
complemented by wood and combined flooring. Glazed glass is used for the windows to provide both
visibility and aesthetic appeal.
Design Details and member sizing
Utilizing ready-made solutions for seating and structural components is advisable due to their ease of
installation, time efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. When designing seating, it's crucial to take proper
anthropometrics into account to ensure user comfort and ergonomic design.

Swimming Pool
Capacity to Cater
The design of the shaded pavilion must align with the capacity specified by the client. The capacity is
determined based on the rectangular shape of the basin. To calculate the volume of the pool, you can
use the formula: width * length * height. This calculation will guide the determination of the
appropriate water volume to fill the pool, ensuring it meets the desired capacity.

Connectivity
A vital aspect of the design is maintaining visual connectivity between the pool and pavilion while also
implementing essential access restrictions to ensure safety and controlled entry.

Safety
Ensuring structural safety is paramount and should be a top priority in the design. Adhering to the
international swimming pool federation's standards, particularly regarding materials and other
essential elements, is recommended. Additionally, the provision of safety railings and adequate lighting
is essential to enhance overall safety within the pool area.

Design
The design of the swimming pool area should include well-planned changing rooms and washrooms in
close proximity. Careful consideration must be given to capacity, ground level (topography),
connectivity, and safety levels, including heating and lighting requirements. These factors are pivotal in
creating a functional, safe, and comfortable swimming pool environment.

Elements
The landscape project could include a constructed roof for shading, ensuring a comfortable outdoor
experience. Safety railings provide security, while strategic lighting fixtures enhance nighttime
functionality. Results screening and an electronic timing system add sophistication to the design,
catering to both aesthetics and practicality in the construction industry.

Materials
The design incorporates stainless steel railings, combining durability and aesthetics for safety. A pre-
fabricated vinyl pool is chosen for efficient installation and low maintenance. Glass and ceramic tiles
are used for a sleek and modern aesthetic, creating a visually appealing and enduring construction
project.

Design Details and member sizing

To establish standard member sizes for the selected ready-made solutions, the thumb rule can be
employed as a practical guideline in the construction process.
Question 04
Identify the Landform represented by Following Contour map.

100 ● ●
99 ● ●
98 ● ●
97 ● ●
96 ● ●
95 ● ●

A valley is developed by the contours

Question 5
Identify the Landform represented by Following Contour map

236 ● ●
234 ●
●
232 ●
230 ●
228 ●

A plateau is identified by through the contours

Question 06

An Investor is expecting to convert a land form in Q4 to a Flower Garden. He selected you as a

Landscape Architect to the Project. Proposed him a proper conversion to landform of the site.

The natural topography of the valet site exhibits a pronounced slope on one side, while the opposite
side features a more gradual incline. To accommodate this terrain, it necessitates implementing the cut
and fill processes as illustrated in the provided diagram, ensuring a harmonious integration of the
landscape design with the site's unique contours.
In accordance with the site's characteristics, the lowest point of the valley is designated for filling.
Careful cutting of both the steep and gentle slopes is executed, preserving symmetry and ensuring site
stability. This approach contributes to crafting a dynamic and visually appealing environment within
the landscape design.
Question 7
A Designer proposed following cross section for a Gravity retaining wall to form a 3m level
difference in a landscape project. He wants to verify it’s stability. You are requested to calculate the
wall self-weight. Consider the construction materials as 1. Concrete, 2. Random rubble Masonry 3.
Stone packing and 4 Bricks

0.3m

3m

0.6m

1.2m

1. Concrete
4.Bricks
Weight (Con) = Density x volume x g
Weight (Bri) = Density x volume x g
= 2400 kgmˉ³ * 2.7 m³ * 9.8 msˉ² = 1900 kgmˉ³ * 2.7 m³ * 9.8 msˉ²
= 63,504 kgmsˉ² = 63.504 KN = 50,274 kgmsˉ² = 50.274 kN

2.Random rubble Masonry

Weight (RR) = Density x volume x g
= 2080 kgmˉ³ * 2.7 m³ * 9.8 msˉ²
= 55,036.8 kgmsˉ²
= 55.0368 KN

3. Stone packing
Weight (RS) = Density x volume x g
= 1600 kgmˉ³ * 2.7 m³ * 9.8 msˉ²
= 42,336 kgmsˉ²
= 42.336 kN
Question 08
A Cantilever retaining wall has to be designed to retained a 3m height soil backfill. Ground water
table is identified as 0.5m. Horizontal ground surface will be created behind the retaining wall by
backfilling the non cohesive soil. A 12kN/m 2 surcharge will be applied on top of the formed ground
level. Calculate the component of active pressure and find out the active forces on the retaining wall.
You can assume following
density of soil - 1600kg/m 3
Density of water -1000kg/m3
Coefficient of soil friction as 30 0
Gravity (g) -10m/s2

12knm-2

0.5m GWL

3m

Ps1= 0

Ps2= k a ɣ s h

1.
k a = (1-sin 30) / (1+sin 30) Calculating average of the soil pressure
= 0.5 / 1.5 Ps= (Ps1+ Ps2) / 2
= 0.333 = (0 + 15.984) / 2
= 7.992 kNmˉ²
ɣ s =1600 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ²
=16000 Nmˉ³ Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)
=16 kNmˉ³ Calculating average of the soil force
Fs = 7.992 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 3 m
the minimum soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ² = 23.976 KN
the maximum soil pressure = 15.984 kNmˉ².
 Pw1= 0

P w2 = ɣ w h

ɣ w =1000 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² Calculating average of the water pressure

=10000 Nmˉ³ P = (P w1 + P w2 ) / 2
=10 kNmˉ³ = (0 + 25) / 2
= 12.5 kNmˉ²
P w2 = 10 kNmˉ³ * 2.5 m
= 25 kNmˉ²
Calculating average of the water force,
Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)
minimum water pressure = 0 kNmˉ² & the
F w = 12.5 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 2.5 m
maximum water pressure = 25 kNmˉ².
= 31.25 kN

P x1 = ωk a

P x2 = ωk a

Surcharge pressure and force

P x = 12 kNmˉ³ * 0.333
= 3.996 kNmˉ²

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

Fx = 3.996 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 3 m
= 11.988 kN
Question 9

Following is a schematic section of a proposed concrete cantilever Retaining wall. You are
requested to find the value for A, B, C & D. (The backfilled soil is cohesion-less dense granular
soil. The soil density is 1600kg/m3.) Please find the followings.

1. Active force
2. Passive force
3. Weight on the Footing bottom
4. Overturning Moment
5. Restoring Moment

3m
GWL

6m

0.5m C

With reference to thumb rule,

A = H / 12 C = H / 7.5
= 6 m / 12 = 6 m / 7.5
= 0.5 m = 0.8 m
= 500 mm = 800 mm

B = H / 12 D = 0.7 H
= 6 m / 12 = 0.7 * 6 m
= 0.5 m = 4.2 m
= 500 mm = 4200 mm
 P s1 = 0 H/3 = 2 m

P s2 = k a ɣ s
h

1. Active force Average soil pressure

k a = (1-sin 30) / (1+sin 30) P av = (P s1 + P s2 ) / 2
= 0.5 / 1.5 = (0 + 31.68) / 2
= 0.33
= 15.84 kNmˉ²

ɣ s =1600 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ²

=16000 Nmˉ³ Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

=16 kNmˉ³ Fs= 95.04 kN

P s2 = 0.33 * 16 kNmˉ³ * 6 m F s = 15.84 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 6 m

= 31.68 kNmˉ² = 95.04 kN

Pw1=0

Fs = 45 kN

H/3 = 1 m

P w2 = ɣ w h
Average water preassure Force due to pour water pressure = F w

ɣ w =1000 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² F w = 15 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 3 m

= 45 kN
=10000 Nmˉ³ =10 kNmˉ³

P w2 = 10 kNmˉ³ * 3 m
Total Active Force on the retaining wall pressure
= 30 kNmˉ²
= Force due to soil pressure + Force due to pour
The minimum water pressure = 0 kNmˉ² & water

the maximum water pressure = 30 kNmˉ². = 95.04 kN + 45 kN

= 140.04 kN
Calculating average of the water pressure,
P wav = (P w1 + P w2) / 2
= (0 + 30) / 2
= 15 kNmˉ2
2. Passive force P s1 = 0
k a = (1+sin 30) / (1-sin 30)
= 1.5 / 0.5
=3
ɣ s =1600 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ²
=16000 Nmˉ³
=16 kNmˉ³

Passive Soil Pressure and force:

P s2 = 3 * 16 kNmˉ³ * 0.5 m P s2 = k a ɣ s h
= 24 kNmˉ²

The minimum passive soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ²

the maximum passive soil pressure = 24 kNmˉ².

Calculating average of the passive soil pressure,

P = (P s1 + P s2 ) / 2
= (0 + 24) / 2
F s = 6 kN
= 12 kNmˉ²

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

Force due to passive soil pressure = F s,

F s = 12 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 0.5 m
H/3 = 0.17 m
= 6 kN

Total Passive Force on the retaining wall = Passive

Soil Pressure = 6 kN

3.Weight on the bottom

50mm

W soil = 91.872 kN
W stem (72 kN)
W water
=87kN
W soil (passive) =19.2 kN

W Heal =50.4 kN

800mm 4200-800-500=2900mm
W soil active side = Pressure due to the soil * Area of the rear heal
= 31.68 kNmˉ² * 2.9 m * 1 m
= 91.872 kN

W water = Pressure due to the pour water * Area of the rear heal
= 30 kNmˉ² * 2.9 m * 1 m
= 87 k

W soil passive side = Pressure due to the soil x Area of the front heal
= 24 kNmˉ² * 0.8 m * 1 m
= 19.2 kN

W stem =(0.5 * 6) m² * 2400 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² / 1000

= 72 kN

W heal = (4.2 * 0.5) m² * 2400 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² / 1000

= 50.4 kN

Total weight on the Footing bottom = W soil (active) + W water + W soil (passive) + W stem + W heal

= 91.872 kN + 87 kN + 19.2 kN + 72 kN + 50.4 kN

= 320.472 kN

4. Overturning Moment

500mm

178.872 kN
W stem
1450mm
(72kn)
W soil (passive) = 19.2 kN

W Heal =50.04
400mm

2100mmm

800m 2900mm
 95.04 kN
6 kN 45kN 2m
0.17m

Overturning Moment = (95.04 x 2.5) + (45 x 1.5)

kNm
= 305.1 kNm

5. Restoring Moment
Restoring Moment = (6 x 0.67) + (50.04 x 2.1) + (72 x 1.05) + (19.2 x 0.4) + (178.872 x 2.75) kNm
= (4.02 + 105.084 + 75.6 + 7.68 + 491.898) kNm
= 684.282 kNm

Restoring Moment
= 684.282 kNm = 2.24 > 2
Overturning Moment 305.100 kNm

So, it can be predicted as safe against overturning.

Question

Following is a schematic section of a proposed concrete cantilever Retaining wall. You are
requested to find the value for A, B, C & D. (The backfilled soil is cohesion-less dense granular soil.
Soil density is 1600kg/m3.) Please find followings.

1. Active force
2. Passive force
3. Weight on Footing bottom
4. Overturning Moment
5. Restoring Moment

12knm-2
A
A = H / 12
= 5 m / 12
2 = 0.416 m = 420 mm
m
GWL
B = H / 12
5m
= 5 m / 12
= 0.416 m = 420 mm

C = H / 7.5
0.5m = 5 m / 7.5
C = 0.667 m = 670 mm

B D = 0.7 H = 0.7 * 5 m
= 3.5 m = 3500 mm

1. Active force
ɣ s =1600 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ²
P s1 = 0
=16000 Nmˉ³
=16 kNmˉ³

P s2 = 0.33 * 16 kNmˉ³ * 5 m
= 26.4 kNmˉ²

P s2 = k a ɣ s h Soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ²

the maximum soil pressure = 26.4 kNmˉ².

k a = (1-sin 30) / (1+sin 30) Average soil preassure

= 0.5 / 1.5 P = (P s1 + P s2 ) / 2
= 0.33 = (0 + 26.4) / 2
= 13.2 kNmˉ²
 Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)
F s = 13.2 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 5 m
F= 66kN = 66 kN

H/3 = 1.67m

Water pressure
ɣ w =1000 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² =10000 Nmˉ³
P w1 = 0
=10 kNmˉ³

P w2 = 10 kNmˉ³ * 3 m
= 30 kNmˉ²

Water pressure = 0 kNmˉ²

P w2 = ɣ w h the maximum water pressure = 30 kNmˉ².

Calculating average of the water pressure,

P = (P w1 + P w2 ) / 2
= (0 + 30) / 2
= 15 kNmˉ²

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

F w = 15 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 3 m
F w = 45 kN
= 45 kN

H/3 = 1 m
Surcharge pressure

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

P x1 = ωk a

F x = 19.8 kN

H/2 = 2.5 m
P x2 = ωk a

P x = 12 kNmˉ³ * 0.33
= 3.96 kNmˉ²
Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

Therefore, Force due to surcharge = F

x

F = 3.96 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 5 m
= 19.8 kN

2. Passive force P s1 = 0

k a = (1+sin 30) / (1-sin 30)

= 1.5 / 0.5
=3

ɣ s =1600 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² P s2 = k a ɣ s h

=16000 Nmˉ³
=16 kNmˉ³

P s2 = 3 * 16 kNmˉ³ * 0.5 m
= 24 kNmˉ²

Passive soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ²

maximum passive soil pressure = 24 kNmˉ².

P = (P s1 + P s2 ) / 2 Fs= 6kN
= (0 + 24) / 2
= 12 kNmˉ²
H/3 = 0.17
Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A
m
Force due to passive soil pressure = F s,

F s = 12 kNmˉ² * 1 m * 0.5 m
= 6 kN
3. Weight on Footing bottom

W soil active side = Pressure due to the soil * Area of the rear heal

=26.4 kNmˉ² * 2.41 m * 1 m

= 63.62 kN

W water = pressure die to the pour water * Area of the rear heal

= 30 kNmˉ² * 2.41 m * 1 m
= 72.3 kN

W surcharge = Pressure due to surcharge * Area of the rear heal

= 3.96 kNmˉ² * 2.41 m * 1 m

= 9.54 kN

W soil passive side = Pressure due to the soil * Area of the front heal

= 24 kNmˉ² * 0.67 m * 1 m
= 16.08 kN

W stem = Volume*Density *g

= (0.420 * 5) m² * 2400 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² / 1000

= 50.4 kN

W heal = Volume*Density *g

= (3.5 * 0.42) m² * 2400 kgmˉ³ * 10 msˉ² / 1000

= 35.28 kN

420 mm

W soil =
W stem (50.4 63.62 W surcharge = 9.54 kN
kN)
W water kN
=72.3 kN

W soil
(passive) =
16.08 kN

W Heal =35.28 kN

670 mm 2410 mm
Total weight on the Footing bottom = W soil (active) + W water + W surcharge + W soil (passive)
+ W stem + W heal
= 63.62 kN + 72.3 kN + 9.54 kN + 16.08 kN + 50.4 kN + 35.28 kN
= 247.22 kN

4. Overturning monet

420 mm

W stem (50.4 kN)

145.46 kN

W soil (passive)
1205
= 16.08 kN
mm

335 mm W Heal =35.28 kN

1750m
m

670mm 2410mm

19.8kN
=2.5 m

66 kN
6k
N 45kN 1.67 m
0.42m

Over turning moment = ( 19. 08 * 2.92) + ( 45 * 1.42) + ( 66* 2.09) kNm

= 257.55 kNm
5. Restoring Moment
Restoring Moment = (6 x 0.59) + (50.4 x 0.88) + (35.28 x 1.75) + (16.08 x 0.335) + (145.46 x 2.295) kNm
= (3.54 + 44.352 + 61.74 + 5.3868 + 333.83) kNm
= 448.85 kNm

Restoring Moment = 448.85 kNm

= 1.82 < 2
Overturning Moment 247.22 kNm

this structure is not in safe against overturning.

Self assessment
Following is a schematic section of a proposed concrete cantilever Retaining wall. You are requested
to find the value for A, B, C & D. The backfilled soil is cohesion-less Dense granular soil. Soil density is
1800kg/m3. Please Check the stability of the Retaining Wall. (Allowable bearing capacity of the soil is
125kN/m2) Further, detail the Retaining structure including proposed engineering solutions.

10knm--2
According to the thumb rule of
A cantilever retaining wall,

A = H / 12
= 7 m / 12
2
= 0.58 m = 580 mm
m
GWL
7m B = H / 12
= 7 m / 12
= 0.58 m = 580 mm

C = H / 7.5
1.5m = 7 m / 7.5
C = 0.9 m = 900 mm

B D = 0.7 H
= 0.7 × 7 m
= 4.9 m = 4900 mm
D

Active pressure
P s1 = 0
Rankine Formula

k a = (1-sin 30) = 0.5 / 1.5 = 0.33

(1+sin 30) P s2 = k a ɣ s h

ɣs=d×g
=1800 kgmˉ³ × 10 msˉ²
=18000 Nmˉ³ The minimum soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ² &
=18 kNmˉ³ The maximum soil pressure = 41.58 kNmˉ²

Ps1 = 0 kNm-2 Average soil pressure,

P soil = (P s1 + P s2)
Ps2 = k a ɣ s h 2
= 0.333 × 18 kNmˉ³ × 7m = (0 + 41.58) / 2
= 41.58 Nm-2 = 20.79 kNmˉ²
Water Pressure and force:

P W1 = 0

P W2 = ɣw h

The minimum water pressure = 0 kNmˉ² &

ɣs=d×g The maximum water pressure = 50 kNmˉ².
=1000 kgmˉ³ × 10 msˉ²
=10000 Nmˉ³
=10 kNmˉ³ Calculating average of the water pressure,

P water = (P w1 + P w2)
2
P w1= 0 kNmˉ² = (0 + 50) / 2
P w2 = 10 kNmˉ³ × 5 m = 50 kNmˉ² = 25 kNmˉ²

Calculating force component of the water pressure,

FW= 125 kN
Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)
H/3 = 1.67 m Force due to water pressure = F W
F w = 25 kNmˉ² × 1 m × 5 m
= 125 kN
Surcharge Pressure and force:

P x1 = ωk a

F x = 23.1 kN

H/2 = 3.5
P x2 = ωk a m

Calculating surcharge pressure, Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

Fx = 3.3 kNmˉ² × 1 m × 7 m
P x = 10 kNmˉ³ × 0.333 = 23.1 kN
= 3.3 kNmˉ²

(i). Passive force:

Rankine Formula P s1 = 0

k a = (1-sin 30) = 1.5 / 0.5 = 3

(1+sin 30)

Soil Pressure and force: P s2 = k a ɣ s h

ɣs=d×g
The minimum soil pressure = 0 kNmˉ² &
=1800 kgmˉ³ × 10 msˉ²
The maximum soil pressure = 81 kNmˉ²
=18000 Nmˉ³
=18 kNmˉ³
Calculating average of the soil pressure,
Ps1 = 0 kNm-2
P soil = (P s1 + P s2)
2
Ps2 = k a ɣ s h
= (0 + 81) / 2
= 3 × 18 kNmˉ³ × 1.5 m
= 40.5 kNmˉ²
= 81 kNm-2

Calculating force component of the Soil pressure,

FS= 60.75 kN
Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

H/3 Force due to soil pressure = F s

F s = 40.5 kNmˉ² × 1 m × 1.5 m
= 60.75 kN
(iii). Calculating the weight on bottom of the Footing

W soil active side = Pressure due to the soil × Area of the rear heal
= 41.58 kNmˉ² × 3.42 m × 1 m
= 142.2kN

W water = Pressure due to the pour water × Area of the rear heal
= 50 kNmˉ² × 3.42 m × 1 m
= 171 kN

W surcharge = Pressure due to surcharge × Area of the rear heal

= 3.3 kNmˉ² × 3.42 m × 1 m
= 11.29 kN

W soil passive side = Pressure due to the soil x Area of the front heal
= 81 kNmˉ² × 0.9 m × 1 m
= 72.9 kN

W stem = Volume × Density × g

= (0.58 × 7) m² × 2400 kgmˉ³ × 10 msˉ² / 1000
= 97.44 kN

W heal = Volume × Density × g

= (4.9 × 0.58) m² × 2400 kgmˉ³ × 10 msˉ² / 1000
= 68.21 kN
580 mm

W stem = 97.44 W soil = 126.4 W surcharge = 11.29 kN

kN) kN
W water =171 kN

W soil (passive) = 72.9 kN

W Heal =68.21 kN

900 mm 4900-900-580= 3420

mm
Total weight on the Footing bottom = W soil (active) + W water + W surcharge + W soil (passive)
+ W stem + W heal

= 142.20 kN + 171 kN + 11.29 kN + 72.9 kN + 97.44 kN + 68.21 kN

(iii). Calculating the Overturning Moment

Overturning Moment = (23.1 x 4.08) + (145.33 x 2.91) + (125 x 2.24) kNm

= 797.16 kNm

(iv). Calculating the Restoring Moment

Restoring Moment = (319 x 3.29) + (60.75 x 1.08) + (97.44 x 1.29) + (68.21 x 2.5) + (72.9 x 0.5) kNm

= (1049.5 + 65.61 + 61.74 + 125.7 + 36.45) kNm

= 1339 kNm

Restoring Moment = 1339 kNm

= 1.68 < 2
Overturning Moment 797.16 kNm

As 1.68 < 2, the retaining structure is not in safe against overturning

Detail the retaining structure including proposed engineering solutions

Retaining structures are crucial in civil engineering and construction as they counter lateral
pressure from soil or materials when altering ground elevations. Their purpose includes
stabilizing slopes, preventing erosion, and establishing level surfaces on uneven terrain.
Among these structures, retaining walls are a prevalent type, available in diverse designs like
gravity, cantilever, and anchored walls. They utilize materials such as concrete, masonry,
timber, or reinforced soil to cater to a wide range of project requirements.

Impervious Layers: In construction, impervious layers, often composed of impermeable

materials such as clay, plastic sheeting, or geomembranes, are positioned on the active side
of the retaining wall, which is the side that holds back the soil. Their purpose is to function as
a barrier, preventing water infiltration into the soil behind the wall. This, in turn, reduces the
active soil pressure exerted on the wall.

Waterproofing Membrane: Construction incorporates waterproofing membranes, which are

directly applied to the retaining wall's surface. These membranes are engineered to be
impermeable to water, forming a watertight seal that safeguards the wall structure. Typical
materials for waterproofing membranes in construction include bitumen or synthetic rubber.

Drain Pipes with Weep Holes: Drain pipes are horizontally installed behind the retaining wall,
typically at its base. These pipes serve as drainage conduits to collect any water that manages
to penetrate the soil or the area behind the wall. This drainage system helps manage water
effectively within the construction context.
Advanced Landscape Technology
AL4040
BACHELOR OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (Hons)
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

Dharaka Danthanarayana
192906H
BLA19 Level 04
Assignment – 02
Question
It is expected that the 150 numbers of vehicles will come to the newly developed office complex
daily. A 1km long driveway to the office from the main road is expected to construct. All the 150
vehicles will be drive out from the premises within 15 minutes after the office close. Also, vehicle
speed will be limited to 30km/h. How many lanes it will be required construct on drive way to
satisfied above requirement. Assume average vehicle to vehicle space is 8m to manage safe drive?

C = 1000*v/s
byequation,
= 1000 × 30/8
= 3750 vehicles/hour

Therefore,
for 15 minutes,
1h=15 minutes × 4,
= 3750/4,
= 937 vehicles per hour

So, it is enough to have only one lane in order to satisfy the requirement.
Quuestion 01
A 10 Acre Land at the border of Gampaha and Kurunegala District is selected to established a
Technology Faculty for an University. You are selected as the Landscape Architect of the relevant
project. Briefly explain how you plan it. You can define your own Landscape language. Assume
there will be three main Academic buildings, one main Admin building and few ancillary buildings
to supportive services. You can make any further assumptions. A satellite photograph of the
proposed land is shown below.

The project's location was carefully chosen next to the A5 highway, a major transportation route.
This decision was reinforced by the presence of two well-designed access roads, simplifying entry
and reducing travel distance to the site.

The project comprises the primary academic structures, a central administrative building, and
supplementary facilities for support services. These buildings must be thoughtfully positioned
within the allocated spaces while meeting the client's specific requirements. Considerations for
accessibility and functionality significantly influence the project's design.

The entire project lifecycle encompasses four distinct stages: planning, design, construction, and
maintenance and operation. Each of these phases plays a crucial role in ensuring the project's
overall success and functionality.
A comprehensive landscape project progresses through several key stages, beginning with the
project idea and culminating in its completion. Before diving into the specifics of the design, it is
imperative to conduct a detailed assessment of the site's intended function and purpose. In this
case, the project primarily aims to support learning and research activities, placing a strong
emphasis on outdoor recreational spaces. To achieve these goals, careful consideration must be
given to various design elements, including pathways, routes for private vehicles, and accessibility
options for individuals with disabilities.

Moreover, a meticulous analysis of specific requirements is carried out in alignment with the
project's overarching objectives and the needs of the institution and its user base. Factors like the
number of users, operational hours, communal spaces, and parking demands are scrutinized in
detail. Additionally, the anticipated capacity of each space is calculated to determine the required
access lanes to different project areas.

Adherence to regulations and institutional guidelines is of utmost importance, with a maximum

limit of 500 students permitted to enter the university during peak hours. Consequently, the
internal road network within the campus is designed to accommodate this capacity, featuring two
main entrance roads, each with a width of 5 meters.

Conducting a preliminary assessment to evaluate the potential impact of these changes on the
existing system and user experience is a crucial step. Any identified adverse effects are addressed
through mitigation or support plans integrated into the project's design.

Based on pre-impact studies, critical infrastructure components such as drainage systems,

sanitation facilities, lighting, signage, parking areas, and landscaping materials are meticulously
selected and planned.

Regarding land development, the two main roads bordering the proposed site play a pivotal role in
controlling and regulating access. Consequently, two entrance gates are proposed, each serving
traffic from different directions. This approach also informs the design of road alignment, ensuring
adequate parking space and other necessary infrastructure.

Finally, any necessary alterations or developments are contingent upon a comprehensive land
investigation, encompassing soil testing and landform analysis. The project prioritizes durability
and low maintenance for all road surfaces within the site, opting for concrete finishes to effectively
meet these objectives.
Question 03
A road horizontal elevation to be designed for satisfied following parameters.
• Design speed of the road 70km/h.
• Super Elevation of the road 8%
• Coefficient of the Side friction is 0.3
What will be the curve radius?
Sketch the simple horizontal curve of this road profile

𝑣2
𝑒+ 𝑓 =
𝑔𝑅

= 0.08 𝑹 = (19.44)²
9.8 × 0.38

= 994.5
9.8
= 101.48 m
V = 70 × 1000
3600
= 19.44 msˉ¹

Therefore,
0.08 + 0.3 = (19.44)²
9.8𝑹
Question 04
A Highway is planned for 100km/h vehicular speed. Proposed an optimum super elevation rate.
Refer to the following table. Sketch the simple horizontal curve of this road profile.

= 0.08
𝑣2
𝑒+ 𝑓 =
𝑔𝑅

V = 100 × 1000
3600
= 27.8 msˉ¹

Therefore,
m

0.08 + e = (27.8)²
.48

9.8× 1575
0 1
=1 R

e= (27.8)²
- 0.08
9.8× 1575

= 771.17
- 0.08
15435

= -0.031
Question 05
Sketch the vertical curve of the road segment compatible to following data a.

BVC Station = 30+30 b.

L = 200 m c.
G1 = -3.2% d.
G2 = 1.8% e.
BVC elevation = 1520m
The station of the vertical point intersection:
VPIsta = BVCsta + L/2
= 3030 + (200/2)
= 3130 m
= 31+30

The end station point:

EVCsta = VPIsta + L/2
= 3130 + (200/2)
= 3230
= 32+30

The vertical point intersection:

VPIelev = BVCelev + [(L/2) × G1]
= 1520+ [(200/2) × (-0.032)]
= 1520-3.2
= 1516.8m

The elevation of the end station point: 30+30

EVCelev = PVIelev + [(L/2) × G2]
32+30
= 1516.8 + [100 × 0.018]
= 1518.6m
31+58

x = - [G1 × L / (G2-G1)]
= - [-0.032 × 200/(0.018+0.032)]
=128m
30+30 1517.8m
1520 m
Therefore, 1516.8m 1518.6m
Low point station = BVCsta + x
= 3030 + 128
= 3158m
= 31+58

y = [(G2-G1) × x 2 / 2L] + [G1 × x] + BVCelev

= [(0.018 - (-0.032)) × 128 2 / (2 × 200)] + [-0.032 × 128] +
1520
= 2.048 - 4.096 + 1520
=1517.95m
Question 06
. A +3.00% grade intersects a -2.40% at station 46+70.00 and elevation 280m. A 135m curve will
be used to connect the two grades. Compute: (1) Station and elevation for the curve's endpoints
(2) Elevations and grades at crest (3) Setup the Curve Table

46+70
280m

(1) Calculating the station and elevation for the curve's endpoints
The begin point station:
VPIsta = BVCsta + L/2
BVCsta = VPIsta - L/2 Calculating the elevation of the end station
=4670 - (135/2) point:
= 4602.5 m EVCelev = PVIelev + [(L/2) × G2]
= 4603 m = 280 + [[(135/2) * (-0.024)]
= 46+03 = 278.38 m

The end station point: (2) Elevations and grades at crest

EVCsta = VPIsta + L/2 The crest point station:
= 4670 + (135/2) x = - [G1 × L / (G2-G1)]
= 4737.5 m = - [0.03 × 135 / (- 0.024 - 0.03)] = 75 m
= 4738
= 47+38

The elevation of the begin point station:

VPIelev = BVCelev + [(L/2) × G1]
BVCelev = VPIelev - [(L/2) × G1]
= 280 - [(135/2) × (0.03)]
= 277.98 m
Therefore,
crest point station = BVCsta + x
= 4603 + 75
= 4678 m
= 46+7

Calculating the elevation of the crest point station:

y = [(G2-G1) × x 2 / 2L] + [G1 × x] + BVCelev

= [(-0.024 - (0.03)) × 752 / (2 × 135)] + [0.03 × 75] + 277.98
= - 1.125 + 2.25 + 277.98 = 279.105 m
= 279.11 m

(3) Curve Table

L= 135m

46+70

46+78

46+03

46+38
277.98 m 279.11 m 280 m 278.38 m