Presentation

ID.CHIMEDICS

ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
HEART MADE
EASY

By Nrs Idika Chimbueze

Ndukwem
 Content
01 Overview
02 Description

03 Position

04 Organs In Relation or Associated

05 Structures Of The Heart

06 Heart Chambers

07 Heart Valves

08 Flow Of Blood Through The Heart

09 Blood Supply 2023

10 Nerves Supply and Functions Of The Heart

Overview
This Provides a quick background
and insight... The heart is a fist-sized organ that
pumps blood throughout your body.
It's the primary organ of your
circulatory system.
The heart contains four main sections
(chambers) made of muscle and
powered by electrical impulses.The
brain and nervous system directs the
heart’s function.
 DESCRIPTION

The heart is a roughly cone-shaped hollow muscular organ. It is about

10cm long and is approximately the size of the oweners closed fist. The
blunt round part of the cone is apex; and the large, flat part at the opposite
end of the cone is the base, it weighs about 225g in women and is heavier
in men about 300-310g.
 POSITION

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs (the
mediastinum). The heart, the trachea, esophagus and associated
structures form a midline partition called the mediastinum. The
heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum with its base directly
posteriorly and slightly superiorly and the apex directly anteriorly
and slightly inferiorly.
 POSITION

The apex is also directed to the left so that approximately 2/3 of

the heart mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum.the
base is located deep into the sternum and extends to the 2nd
intercoastal space. The apex is approximately 9cm to the left of
the sternum and is deep to the fifth intercostal space.
 ORGANS ASSOCIATED

Inferiorly: the apex rest on the central tendon of the diaphragm

Superiorly: the great blood vessels i.e aorta, superior vena, pulmonary artery
and pulmonary veins
Posteriorly : the oesophagus, trachea, left and right bronchus, descending
aorta, inferior vena cava and thoracic vertebrae(cage).
Laterally : the lungs – the left lung overlaps the left side of the heart
Anteriorly: the sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles.
 STRUCTURE OF THE
THE HEART WALL
HEART
The heart wall is composed of three layers of
tissue
• Pericardium,
• Myocardium
• Endocardium.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE HEART WALL

PERICARDIUM
The pericardium also called pericardial sac(a double-layered sac) is the outermost layer and is made
up of two sacs . The outer sac consists of tough, fibrous tissue and the inner of a continuous serous
membrane.
The outer fibrous sac is continuous with the tunica adventitia of the great blood vessels above and is
adherent to the diaphragm below. Its inelastic, fibrous nature prevents overdistension of the heart.
The outer layer of the serous membrane, the parietal pericardium, lines the fibrous sac. The inner
layer, the visceral pericardium, or epicardium, which is continuous with the parietal pericardium, is
adherent to the heart muscle. A similar arrangement of a double membrane forming a closed space is
seen also with the pleura, the membrane enclosing the lungs.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE PERICARDIUM

N/B: in between the parietal and the visceral

pericardium is a lubricating fluid (serous fluid)
THAT'S about 20-30mls
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

MYOCARDIUM
The myocardium is composed of specialised cardiac muscle found only in the heart. It is not under voluntary control
but is striated, like skeletal muscle. Each fibre (cell) has a nucleus and one or more branches which are connected
end to end. Because of the end-to-end continuity of the fibres, each one does not need to have a separate nerve
supply. When an impulse is initiated it spreads from cell to cell via the branches and intercalated discs over the
whole ‘sheet’ of muscle, causing contraction. The ‘sheet’ arrangement of the myocardium enables the atria and
ventricles to contract in a coordinated and efficient manner.
Running through the myocardium is also the network of specialised conducting fibres responsible for transmitting
the heart’s electrical signals. The myocardium is thickest at the apex and thins out towards the base. This reflects the
amount of work each chamber contributes to the pumping of blood. It is thickest in the left ventricle, which has the
greatest workload.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE MYOCARDIUM
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE ENDOCARDIUM

ENDOCARDIUM
This lines the chambers and valves of the heart. It is a
thin, smooth, glistering membrane that permits smooth
flow of blood inside the heart. It consists of flattened
epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium), and it is
continuous with the endothelium lining the blood vessels.
 HEART CHAMBERS
The heart has four hollow chambers: two upper atria and two lower
ventricles. a septum (or wall) separates the two sides of the heart. The
right side of the heart which is made up of the right atrium and right
ventricle distribuute venous blood (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs
via the pulmonary artery (pulmonary circulation) for oxygenation. The
right atrium receives blood returning from the superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava and coronary sinus(venous return from the heart
itself).
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE HEART CHAMBERS

The left side of the heart, composed of the left atrium and left ventricle, distributes
oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta (systemic circulation).
The left atrium receives oxygenate blood from the pulmonary circulation via four
pulmonary veins.
The thickness of the atrial and ventricular walls are in relation to the workload
require by each chamber. The myocardial layers of both atria are thinner than that of
the ventricles (the ventricular walls are much thicker) the left ventricle is two-and-a-
half times more muscular than the right ventricle.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE HEART VALVES

The heart has four valves

The four valves in the heart permit blood flow in only one direction. The valve, which are
composed of thin leaflets of fibrous tissue, open and closes in response to the movement of
blood and pressure changes within the chambers. There are two types of valves.
1. Atrioventricular Valves: The atrioventricular separates the atria from the ventricles. The
tricuspid valve composed of three cusps or leaflets separates the right atrium from the right
ventricles, the mitral or bicuspid (two cusps) valve lies between the left atrium and the left
ventricle. The atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles
and also prevent blood from back flow.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
THE HEART VALVES

2. Semilunar Valves: The two semilunar valves are composed of three

leaflets, which are shaped like half-moons. The valve between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is called pulmonic valve. The
valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is called the aortic
valve. The semilunar valves are closed during diastole a d are forced
open during ventricular systole as blood is ejected from the right and
left ventricle into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
 THE HEART VALVES

The superior and inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood from all
over the body and empty into the right atrium. The blood passes via
atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle and from there it is pumped to
the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The opening of pulmonary artery is
guarded by pulmonary semilunar valve. These valves prevent back flow of
blood. The pulmonary artery divides into two branches an carries blood to
the corresponding right and left lungs for the purification of blood.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE
HEART

Two pulmonary veins from each lung carries oxygenated blood and open into the left atrium.
Then the blood passes through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricles, from there it
is pumped into the aorta. The ascending aorta is guarded by 3 aortic semilunar valves. These
valves prevent back flow of blood. It can be seen that the blood passes from the right to the left
side of the heart via the lungs (through the pulmonary vein). Both atria contract at the same time
and this is flowed by the simultaneous contraction of lungs whereas the left ventricle pumps
blood to whole of the body.
 Blood supply to the heart and
venous drainage.

N/B:Out of the whole percentage of blood flowing through

the heart, the heart consumes only 5% of all.
Blood supply to the heart.
Right and left coronary Arteries which branch from the
aorta immediately distal to the aortic valve.
Venous drainage: coronary sinus
 NERVE SUPPLY AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF
HEART

Nerve supply: Automatic nerve originating from the cardiovascular center

in the medulla oblongata (parasympathetic sympathetic) Their actions are
antagonistics
The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) - supply mainly the SA and AV nodes.
Stimulation reduces the rates at which impulses are produced, decreasing the
heart rate and force of the heartbeat.
Sympathetic - supply SA, AV and the myocardia of atria and ventricles.
Stimulation increases rate and force of heartbeat.
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