Web Technologies

UNIT 2- JAVA GUI, FILE STREAM AND CONCURRENCY

GUI Development using SWING – I/O Streams and Object Serialization – Generic
Collections – Concurrency – Thread States and Life Cycles – Thread Synchronization –
Java Networking
Multithreading
Thread
A Thread is a very light-weighted process, or the smallest part of the process that allows a program to
operate more efficiently by running multiple tasks simultaneously.
To run more than one task in parallel
Perform complicated tasks in the background.
All the tasks are executed without affecting the main program.
In a program or process, all the threads have their own separate path for execution, so each thread of a
process is independent.
if a thread gets an exception or an error at the time of its execution, it doesn't affect the execution of
the other threads.
All the threads share a common memory and have their own stack, local variables and program
counter.
When multiple threads are executed in parallel at the same time, this process is known
as Multithreading.

Thread is a:
• Feature through which we can perform multiple activities within a single process.
• Lightweight process.
• Series of executed statements.
• Nested sequence of method calls.
Multithreading
Life cycle of Thread(Thread states)
• New, Active,Blocked / Waiting,Timed Waiting, Terminated
• New: Whenever a new thread is created, it is always in the
new state. For a thread in the new state, the code has not
been run yet and thus has not begun its execution.
• Active: When a thread invokes the start() method, it moves
from the new state to the active state.
The active state contains two states within it: one is runnable,
and the other is running.
Runnable: A thread, that is ready to run is then moved to the
runnable state.
In the runnable state, the thread may be running or may be
ready to run at any given instant of time.
It is the duty of the thread scheduler to provide the thread
time to run, i.e., moving the thread the running state.
All those threads that are willing to run, waiting for their turn
to run, lie in the runnable state. In the runnable state, there is
a queue where the threads lie.
Multithreading
Life cycle of Thread(Thread states)
• Running: When the thread gets the CPU, it moves from the
runnable to the running state.
Most common change in the state of a thread is from
runnable to running and again back to runnable.
• Blocked or Waiting: Whenever a thread is inactive for a
span of time (not permanently) then, either the thread is in
the blocked state or is in the waiting state.
• When the main thread invokes the join() method then, it is
said that the main thread is in the waiting state.
• The main thread then waits for the child threads to
complete their tasks.
• When the child threads complete their job, a notification is
sent to the main thread, which again moves the thread
from waiting to the active state.
• If there are a lot of threads in the waiting or blocked state,
then it is the duty of the thread scheduler to determine
which thread to choose and which one to reject, and the
chosen thread is then given the opportunity to run
Multithreading
Life cycle of Thread(Thread states)
• Timed Waiting: Sometimes, waiting for leads to starvation.
Timed waiting is when we invoke the sleep() method on a
specific thread.
The sleep() method puts the thread in the timed wait
state. After the time runs out, the thread wakes up and start
its execution from when it has left earlier.
• Terminated: A thread reaches the termination state
because of the following reasons:
When a thread has finished its job, then it exists or
terminates normally.
Abnormal termination: It occurs when some unusual
events such as an unhandled exception or segmentation fault.
• A terminated thread means the thread is no more in the
system(the thread is dead), and there is no way one can
respawn (active after kill) the dead thread.
The current state of a thread can be obtained using
the Thread.getState() method

Multithreading
Creation of thread
Two ways to create a thread:By extending Thread class, By
implementing Runnable interface.
Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and
perform operations on a thread. Thread class extends Object class
and implements Runnable interface.
Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:
Thread(),Thread(String name),Thread(Runnable r),Thread(Runnable
r,String name)
Commonly used methods of Thread class:
public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.
public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the
run() method on the thread.
public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing
thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified
number of milliseconds.
public void join(): waits for a thread to die.
public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the
specified miliseconds.
public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread.
public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the
thread.
public String getName(): returns the name of the thread.
public void setName(String name): changes the name of
the thread.
public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of
currently executing thread.
public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.
public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the
thread.
public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.
public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread
object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to
execute.
public void suspend(): is used to suspend the
thread(depricated).
public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended
thread(depricated).
public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated).
public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a
daemon thread.
public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as
daemon or user thread.
public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.
public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has
been interrupted.
public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current
thread has been interrupted.
Multithreading Thread Creation-by implementing Runnable interface
Thread Creation-by extending Thread class
public class Multi implements Runnable{
public class Multi extends Thread{
public void run(){
public void run(){ System.out.println("thread is running...");
System.out.println("thread is running..."); }
}
public static void main(String args[]){
public static void main(String args[]){ Multi m1=new Multi();
Multi t1=new Multi(); Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
t1.start();
t1.start(); }
} }
}
Multithreading Using the Thread Class: Thread(Runnable r, String name)
Using the Thread Class: Thread(String Name)
public class MyThread public class MyThread implements Runnable
{
{ public void run() {
public static void main(String argvs[]) System.out.println("Now the thread is running ..."); }
// main method
{
public static void main(String argvs[])
// creating an object of the Thread class using the constructor {
Thread(String name) // creating an object of the class MyThread2
Thread t= new Thread("Thread one"); Runnable r1 = new MyThread();
// creating an object of the class Thread using
// the start() method moves the thread to the active state
Thread(Runnable r, String name)
t.start(); Thread th1 = new Thread(r1, "My new thread");
// getting the thread name by invoking the getName() method // the start() method moves the thread to the active state
String str = t.getName();
th1.start();
System.out.println(str); // getting the thread name by invoking the getName()
} method
String str = th1.getName();
} System.out.println(str);
}
}
Multithreading
Thread Scheduler in Java
• A component that decides which thread to run or execute and which thread to wait is called a thread
scheduler.
• A thread is only chosen by a thread scheduler if it is in the runnable state.
• However, if there is more than one thread in the runnable state, it is up to the thread scheduler to pick one
of the threads and ignore the other ones.
• There are some criteria that decide which thread will execute first. There are two factors for scheduling a
thread i.e. Priority and Time of arrival.
• Priority: Priority of each thread lies between 1 to 10. If a thread has a higher priority, it means that thread
has got a better chance of getting picked up by the thread scheduler.
• Time of Arrival: Suppose two threads of the same priority enter the runnable state, then priority cannot be
the factor to pick a thread from these two threads.
Arrival time of thread is considered by the thread scheduler. A thread that arrived first gets the
preference over the other threads.
Multithreading
Thread.sleep()
Thread class provides the two variant of the sleep() method.
First one accepts only one argument, whereas the other variant accepts two arguments.
The method sleep() is being used to halt the working of a thread for a given amount of time.
The time up to which the thread remains in the sleeping state is known as the sleeping time of the thread.
After the sleeping time is over, the thread starts its execution from where it has left.
Syntax: public static void sleep(long mls) throws InterruptedException
public static void sleep(long mls, int n) throws InterruptedException
• mls: The time in milliseconds is represented by the parameter mls. The duration for which the thread will sleep is given
by the method sleep().
• n: It shows the additional time up to which the programmer or developer wants the thread to be in the sleeping state.
The range of n is from 0 to 999999.
Thread.sleep() methods execute, it always halts the execution of the current thread.
Whenever another thread does interruption while the current thread is already in the sleep mode, then the
InterruptedException is thrown.
If the system that is executing the threads is busy, then the actual sleeping time of the thread is generally more as
compared to the time passed in arguments. However, if the system executing the sleep() method has less load, then the
actual sleeping time of the thread is almost equal to the time passed in the argument.
Multithreading
Thread.sleep() import java.lang.Thread;
public class TestSleepMethod extends Thread{ import java.io.*;
public void run(){ public class TestSleepMethod
for(int i=1;i<5;i++){ {
// the thread will sleep for the 500 milli seconds public static void main(String argvs[])
try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException { try {
e){System.out.println(e);} for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
System.out.println(i); {
} Thread.sleep(1000);
} System.out.println(j);
public static void main(String args[]){ } }
TestSleepMethod t1=new TestSleepMethod(); catch (Exception expn)
TestSleepMethod t2=new TestSleepMethod(); {
t1.start(); System.out.println(expn);
t2.start(); } } }
}
} Note:It throws the exception IllegalArguementException
when the time for sleeping is negative.
Multithreading
After starting a thread, it can never be started again. What happens if we call Java run() method directly instead
start() method?
If started again, an IllegalThreadStateException is
thrown. In such case, thread will run once but for
• Each thread starts in a separate call stack.
second time, it will throw exception.
• Invoking the run() method from the main thread, the
public class TestThreadTwice extends Thread{ run() method goes onto the current call stack rather than
public void run(){ at the beginning of a new call stack.
public class TestCallRun extends Thread{
System.out.println("running..."); public void run(){
} for(int i=1;i<5;i++){
try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException e)
public static void main(String args[]){ {System.out.println(e);}
TestThreadTwice t1=new TestThreadTwice(); System.out.println(i);
} }
t1.start(); public static void main(String args[]){
t1.start(); TestCallRun t1=new TestCallRun();
TestCallRun t2=new TestCallRun();
} t1.run();
} t2.run();
//t1.start();
// t2.start();
}
}
Multithreading
join()that permits one thread to wait until the other
thread to finish its execution.
Suppose th be the object the class Thread whose thread is
doing its execution currently, then the th.join(); statement
ensures that th is finished before the program does the
execution of the next statement.
When there are more than one thread invoking the join()
method, then it leads to overloading on the join() method
that permits the developer or programmer to mention the
waiting period.
similar to the sleep() method in Java, the join() method is
also dependent on the operating system for the timing, so
we should not assume that the join() method waits equal
to the time mentioned in the parameters.
Three overloaded join() methods.
join(): When the join() method is invoked, the current
thread stops its execution and the thread goes into the
wait state.
public final void join() throws InterruptedException
The current thread remains in the wait state until the
thread on which the join() method is invoked has achieved
its dead state.
join(long mls):
When the join() method is invoked, the current
thread stops its execution and the thread goes into the wait
state.
The current thread remains in the wait state until
the thread on which the join() method is invoked called is
dead or the wait for the specified time frame(in
milliseconds) is over.
public final synchronized void join(long mls) throws Interrup
tedException, where mls is in milliseconds
join(long mls, int nanos): When the join() method is
invoked, the current thread stops its execution and go into
the wait state.
The current thread remains in the wait state until the thread
on which the join() method is invoked called is dead or the
wait for the specified time frame(in milliseconds + nanos) is
over.
public final synchronized void join(long mls, int nanos) thro
ws InterruptedException, where mls is in milliseconds.
Multithreading
public class TestJoinMethod extends Thread{
public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
try{
Thread.sleep(500);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestJoinMethod t1=new TestJoinMethod();
TestJoinMethod t2=new TestJoinMethod();
TestJoinMethod t3=new TestJoinMethod();
t1.start();
try{
t1.join();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}
Multithreading
Naming Thread
The Thread class provides methods to change
and get the name of a thread. By default, each thread has
a name, i.e. thread-0, thread-1 and so on.
By we can change the name of the thread by using the
setName() method.
public String getName(): is used to return the name of a
thread.
public void setName(String name): is used to change the
name of a thread.
public class TestMultiNaming extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println("running..."); }
public static void main(String args[]){
TestMultiNaming t1=new TestMultiNaming();
TestMultiNaming t2=new TestMultiNaming();
System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName());
System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName());
t1.start();
t2.start();
t1.setName("Testthread");
System.out.println("After changing name of
t1:"+t1.getName()); } }
Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority)
Each thread has a priority. Priorities are represented by a
number between 1 and 10.
In most cases, the thread scheduler schedules the threads
according to their priority (known as preemptive
scheduling).
But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM
specification that which scheduling it chooses.
Note: programmer can also assign the priorities of a thread
explicitly in a Java program.
Setter & Getter Method of Thread Priority
public final int getPriority():
The java.lang.Thread.getPriority() method returns the
priority of the given thread.
public final void setPriority(int newPriority): The
java.lang.Thread.setPriority() method updates or assign the
priority of the thread to newPriority.
The method throws IllegalArgumentException if the value
newPriority goes out of the range, which is 1 (minimum) to
10 (maximum).
 Multithreading
3 constants defined in Thread class:
• public static int MIN_PRIORITY
• public static int NORM_PRIORITY
• public static int MAX_PRIORITY
Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY).
The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of
MAX_PRIORITY is 10.
import java.lang.*;
public class ThreadPriorityExample extends Thread
{ public void run() {
System.out.println("Inside the run() method"); }
public static void main(String argvs[]) {
// Creating threads with the help of ThreadPriorityExample Thread.currentThread().setPriority(10);
class
ThreadPriorityExample th1 = new ThreadPriorityExample(); Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
ThreadPriorityExample th2 = new ThreadPriorityExample(); } }
ThreadPriorityExample th3 = new ThreadPriorityExample();
// Therefore, the priorities of the thread is 5, the default
value
// 1st Thread // Displaying the priority of the thread
// using the getPriority() method
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th1 is : " + th1.getPriority());
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th2 is : " + th2.getPriority());
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th2 is : " + th2.getPriority());
th1.setPriority(6);
th2.setPriority(3);
th3.setPriority(9);
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th1 is : " + th1.getPriority());
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th2 is : " + th2.getPriority());
System.out.println("Priority of the thread th3 is : " + th3.getPriority());
System.out.println("Currently Executing The Thread : " +
Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("Priority of the main thread is : " +
Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
System.out.println("Priority of the main thread is : " +
 Multithreading public class TestDaemonThread extends Thread{
public void run(){
• Daemon thread in Java is a service provider thread that if(Thread.currentThread().isDaemon()){//checking for daemon thread
provides services to the user thread.
System.out.println("daemon thread work"); }
• Its life depend on the mercy of user threads i.e. when all else{
the user threads dies, JVM terminates this thread System.out.println("user thread work"); } }
automatically. public static void main(String[] args){
• There are many java daemon threads running TestDaemonThread t1=new TestDaemonThread();//creating thread
automatically e.g. gc, finalizer etc. TestDaemonThread t2=new TestDaemonThread();
• It provides services to user threads for background TestDaemonThread t3=new TestDaemonThread();
supporting tasks. It has no role in life than to serve user t1.setDaemon(true);//now t1 is daemon thread
threads. t1.start();//starting threads
t2.start();
• Its life depends on user threads.
t3.start(); } }
• It is a low priority thread.
public void setDaemon(boolean status) is used to
mark the current thread as daemon thread or user thread.
public boolean isDaemon()is used to check that current is
daemon.

If you want to make a user thread as Daemon, it must not

be started otherwise it will throw
IllegalThreadStateException.
 Multithreading Synchronization is built around an internal entity known as the lock or
monitor.
Synchronization in Java is the capability to control the Every object has a lock associated with it.
access of multiple threads to any shared resource.
By convention, a thread that needs consistent access to an object's
Synchronization is better option where we want to allow fields has to acquire the object's lock before accessing them, and then
only one thread to access the shared resource. release the lock when it's done with them.
synchronization is mainly used to
package java.util.concurrent.locks contains several lock
• To prevent thread interference.
implementations.
• To prevent consistency problem.
Two types of synchronization Declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized
method.
Process Synchronization, Thread Synchronization
Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
Two types of thread synchronization mutual exclusive and
inter-thread communication. When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically
Mutual Exclusive-helps to keep threads from interfering acquires the lock for that object and releases it when the thread
with one another while sharing data. completes its task.
Synchronized method.
Synchronized block.
Static synchronization.
Cooperation (Inter-thread communication in java)
 Synchronization
Multithreading class Table{
class Table{
void printTable(int n){ synchronized void printTable(int n){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i); System.out.println(n*i);
try{ try{ Thread.sleep(400);
Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } }
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } } class MyThread extends Thread{
class MyThread extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread(Table t){
Table t; this.t=t; }
MyThread(Table t){ public void run(){
this.t=t; }
public void run(){ t.printTable(5); } }
t.printTable(5); } } class MyThrea extends Thread{
class MyThrea extends Thread{ Table t;
Table t; MyThrea(Table t){
MyThrea(Table t){ this.t=t; }
this.t=t; } public void run(){
public void run(){ t.printTable(100); } }
t.printTable(100); } } public class TestSynchronization{
public class TestSynchronization{
public static void main(String args[]){
public static void main(String args[]){
Table obj = new Table();//only one object Table obj = new Table();//only one object
MyThread t1=new MyThread(obj); MyThread t1=new MyThread(obj);
MyThrea t2=new MyThrea(obj); MyThrea t2=new MyThrea(obj);
t1.start(); t1.start();
t2.start(); } } t2.start(); } }
 Multithreading class MyThread extends Thread{
Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization
on any specific resource of the method. Table t;
MyThread(Table t){
• Suppose we have many lines of code in our method, but this.t=t; }
we want to synchronize only few lines, in such cases, we public void run(){
can use synchronized block.
t.printTable(5);
• If we put all the codes of the method in the synchronized } }
block, it will work same as the synchronized method. class MyThrea extends Thread{
• Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method. Table t;
MyThrea(Table t){
• A Java synchronized block doesn't allow more than one
this.t=t; }
JVM, to provide access control to a shared resource.
public void run(){
synchronized (object reference expression) { t.printTable(100); } }
//code block } public class TestSynchronizedBlock{
public static void main(String args[]){
Eg:
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
class Table {
void printTable(int n){ MyThread t1=new MyThread(obj);
synchronized(this){//synchronized block MyThrea t2=new MyThrea(obj);
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ t1.start();
System.out.println(n*i); t2.start(); } }
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
} } } }
 Multithreading
Static Synchronization
make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on
the class not on object
There are two objects of a shared class (e.g. Table) named object1
and object2.
In case of synchronized method and synchronized block there
cannot be interference between t1 and t2 or t3 and t4 because t1
and t2 both refers to a common object that have a single lock.
But there can be interference between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4
because t1 acquires another lock and t3 acquires another lock.
We don't want interference between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4. Static
synchronization solves this problem.
 Multithreading
Static Synchronization
class Table
{
synchronized static void printTable(int n){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ class MyThread4 extends Thread{
System.out.println(n*i); public void run(){
try{ Table.printTable(1000);
Thread.sleep(400); }
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
} public class TestSynchronization{
} public static void main(String t[]){
class MyThread1 extends Thread{ MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1();
public void run(){ MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2();
Table.printTable(1); MyThread3 t3=new MyThread3();
} } MyThread4 t4=new MyThread4();
class MyThread2 extends Thread{ t1.start();
public void run(){ t2.start();
Table.printTable(10);
} } t3.start();
class MyThread3 extends Thread{ t4.start();
public void run(){ }
Table.printTable(100); }
}
}
 Multithreading
Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about
allowing synchronized threads to communicate with each
other.
Cooperation (Inter-thread communication) is a mechanism
in which a thread is paused running in its critical section
and another thread is allowed to enter (or lock) in the same
critical section to be executed.
It is implemented by following methods of Object class:
wait(),notify(),notifyAll()
wait(): causes current thread to release the lock and wait
until either another thread invokes the notify() method or
the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified amount
of time has elapsed.
The current thread must own this object's monitor, so it
must be called from the synchronized method only
otherwise it will throw exception.
public final void wait()throws InterruptedException
It waits until object is notified.
public final void wait(long timeout)throws
InterruptedException
It waits for the specified amount of time.
notify() method wakes up a single thread that is waiting on
this object's monitor.
If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them is
chosen to be awakened.
The choice is arbitrary and occurs at the choice of the
implementation.
public final void notify()
notifyAll() -Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this
object's monitor.
public final void notifyAll()
Steps:
• Threads enter to acquire lock.
• Lock is acquired by on thread.
• Now thread goes to waiting state if you call wait() method
on the object. Otherwise it releases the lock and exits.
• If you call notify() or notifyAll() method, thread moves to
the notified state (runnable state).
• Now thread is available to acquire lock.
• After completion of the task, thread releases the lock and
exits the monitor state of the object.
Multithreading
wait()
The wait() method releases the lock.
It is a method of Object class
It is the non-static method
It should be notified by notify() or After the specified amount of time, sleep is
notifyAll() methods
class Customer{
int amount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
sleep() System.out.println("going to withdraw...");
The sleep() method doesn't release the lock. if(this.amount<amount){
System.out.println("Less balance; waiting for deposit...");
It is a method of Thread class try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
It is the static method
}
completed.
this.amount-=amount;
System.out.println("withdraw completed..."); }
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
System.out.println("going to deposit...");
this.amount+=amount;
System.out.println("deposit completed... ");
notify(); } }
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
final Customer c=new Customer();
new Thread(){
public void run(){c.withdraw(15000);}
}.start();
new Thread(){
public void run(){c.deposit(10000);}
}.start();
}}