I case of a chemical reaction carried in the laboratory in an open vessel

H= Hproducts –Hreactants =qp

H2(g)+1/2O2(g) H2O(l)+68.32 Kcal

The quantity of Heat 68.32 Kcal on the right hand represents - C H of the
reaction.
The units of H are Kilocalories or Kilojoules
Relation between H and E
Calorific values of many gaseous fuels are determined in constant volume
calorimeters qv = E
H = E+P V-------------------------(1)
Suppose we have n1 moles of gases before reaction and n2 moles of gases
afterit. Assuming ideal behavior we have
PV2=n2RT
PV1=n1RT
P(V2-V1)=(n2-n1)RT
P V= nRT
Substituting in equation(1) we have
H= E + nRT
Molar heat capacities
If q calories is the heat absorbed by mass m and the temperature rises from
T1 to T2 the heat capacity (C) is given by the expression
C=q/m(T2-T1)-----------(1)

if mass considered is 1 mole the expression(1) can be written as.

C=q/T2-T1 =q/ T
C is denoted as Molar heat capacity.
The molar heat capacity of a system is Defined as the heat required to raise
the temperature of one mole of substance (system)by 1K
C=dq/dT
Units of Heat capacity
Calories per degree per mole or joules per degree per mole(Not State
Function)
• Two Types of Heat Capacities
1)At constant volume

• dq=dE+PdV

• dq/dT=dE/dT+PdV/dT
• At constant Volume dV=0
• Cv=(dE/dT)v
• The heat capacity at constant volume is defined as the rate of change of internal energy with
temperature at constant volume.
• (dq/dT)p=(dE/dT)p+(PdV/dT)p------------------(1)
• H=E+PV
• Differentiating this equation w.r.t. temperature at constant pressure we get
• (dH/dT)p=(dE/dT)p + P(dV/dT)p-----------------(2)Comparing 1&2
• Cp=(dH/dT)p
• The heat capacity at constant pressure is defined as the rate of changeof enthalpy with
temperature at constant pressure.
Cp is greater thanCv

• Cp = dH/dT------------(1)
• Cv = dE/dT-------------(2)
• H=E + PV for 1mole of ideal gas
• H= E + RT
• Differentiating with respect to temperature T
• dH/dT=dE/dT +R
• Cp =Cv + R
• Cp-Cv=R
Calculation of E and H
• Cv =dE/dT dE = Cv x dT
• E=E2-E1=Cv (T2-T1) for n moles of gas E= n Cv (T2-T1)
• H = (E+PV)
• = E + (PV)
• For 1mole of ideal gas
• = E+ (RT)
• = E +R T
• =Cv(T2-T1) +R(T2-T1)
• =(Cv +R)(T2-T1)
• =Cp(T2-T1) for n moles of ideal gas H=nxCpx(T2-T1)