DNR College of Engineering and Technology

ENGINEERING MECHANICS (M-105)

by
B. SURESH KUMAR

Assistant professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 SYLLABUS
1) Understand the concept of Statics
a) Explain the meaning of mechanics in engineering
b) State the importance of mechanics in engineering
c) State the system of units used
d) Explain the concept of force
e) List the types of forces
f) Explain the force systems
i) Co-planar and Non-coplanar
ii) Parallel and Non-Parallel
iii) Like and Unlike
iv) Concurrent and Non-concurrent
g) Explain the concept of equilibrium
h) State the parallelogram law of forces
i) State the triangle law of forces
j) State the polygon law of forces
k) State Lami‘s theorem
l) Explain the concept of free body diagram
m) Solve the problems involving concurrent coplanar forces
n) Solve simple problems involving non-concurrent coplanar forces
o) Solve simple problems using Lami‘s theorem
p) Define the terms couple and moment of couple
q) Explain the properties of a couple

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r) State the condition of equilibrium of a body acted upon by co-planar forces
2) Understand the concept of Friction
a) Explain the concept of friction
b) State the laws of friction
c) Identify the machine members in which friction exists
d) Resolve the forces acting on bodies moving on horizontal plane
e) Resolve the forces acting on bodies moving along the inclined planes
f) Solve the related numerical problems
3) Understand the Geometric Properties of Sections
a) Define the terms centre of gravity, centre of mass and Centroid
b) State the need for finding the Centroid and centre of gravity for various engineering
applications
c) Locate the C.G. of a given section
d) Explain the method of determining the Centroid by ‗Method of moments‘
e) Determine the position of Centroid of standard sections T, L, I, Channel section, Z-
section,unsymmetrical I section
f) Determine the position of Centroid of built up sections
g) Explain the meaning of the term moment of Inertia
h) Define the term polar moment of inertia
i) Explain the term radius of gyration
j) State the necessity of finding Moment of Inertia for various engineering applications
k) Determine Moment of Inertia and Radius of gyration for regular geometrical sections like
T, L, I, Channel section, Z- section, unsymmetrical I section

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l) State Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem
m) Determine M.I of standard sections by applying parallel axes theorem
n) Determine M.I of standard sections by applying perpendicular axes theorem
o) Calculate the moment of Inertia of composite sections
p) Calculate radius of gyration of standard sections
q) Determine the polar M.I for solid and hollow circular section applying perpendicular axes
theorem
r) Solve the related numerical problems
4) Understand the concept of Dynamics
a) Define the terms Kinematics and Kinetics
b) Classify the motion types
c) Define the terms displacement, velocity and acceleration
d) State the Newton‘s Laws of motion (without derivation)
e) Solve the problems related to the rectilinear motion of a particle
f) Explain the motion of projectile
g) Solve numerical problems on projectiles
h) State D‘Alembert‘s principle
i) Define the law of conservation of energy
j) Explain the Work-Energy principle
k) Define the law of conservation of momentum
l) Explain the Impulse –momentum equation
m) Solve problems using the above principles
n) Explain the rotary motion of a particle

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o) Define centripetal force
p) Define centrifugal force
q) Differentiate between centripetal and centrifugal forces
r) Describe simple harmonic motion
s) Name the Engineering applications of simple harmonic motion
5) Comprehend the Principles involved in Simple Machines
a) Define the important terms of simple machines
i) Machine
ii) Mechanical Advantage
iii) Velocity Ratio
iv) Efficiency
b) Illustrate the three classes of simple lever
c) Show that an inclined plane is a simple machine to reduce the effort in lifting loads
d) Derive expression for VR in cases of
i) Wheel & axle
ii) Weston Differential pulley blocks
iii) Pulleys
iv) Worm & Worm wheel
v) Winch crabs
vi) Screw jack
vii) Rack & pinion
e) Compute the efficiency of a given machine
f) Interpret the law of machine

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g) State the conditions for self-locking and reversibility
h) Calculate effort lost in friction and load equivalent of friction
i) Evaluate the conditions for maximum M.A.& Maximum efficiency
6) Understand the concept of Basic Link mechanisms
a) Define important terms of basic link mechanisms
i) Link
ii) Kinematic pair
iii) Kinematic chain
iv) Mechanism, structure & machine
b) Explain kinematic pair and kinematic chain with the help of sketches
c) Give examples for Lower and Higher pairs
d) Give examples of inversion

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 4) Understand the concept of Dynamics
a) Define the terms Kinematics and Kinetics
b) Classify the motion types
c) Define the terms displacement, velocity and acceleration
d) State the Newton‘s Laws of motion (without derivation)
e) Solve the problems related to the rectilinear motion of a particle
f) Explain the motion of projectile
g) Solve numerical problems on projectiles
h) State D‘Alembert‘s principle
i) Define the law of conservation of energy
j) Explain the Work-Energy principle
k) Define the law of conservation of momentum
l) Explain the Impulse –momentum equation
m) Solve problems using the above principles
n) Explain the rotary motion of a particle
o) Define centripetal force
p) Define centrifugal force
q) Differentiate between centripetal and centrifugal forces
r) Describe simple harmonic motion
s) Name the Engineering applications of simple harmonic motion
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a) Statics
It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces
acting on a body in equilibrium. Either the body at rest or in uniform
motion is called statics
b) Dynamics:
It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces on
body in motion is called dynamics. It is further divided into two branches.
i) Kinetics ii) kinematics.
i) Kinetics
It is the branch of the dynamics which deals the study of body in
motion under the influence of force i.e. is the relationship between force
and motion are considered or the effect of the force are studied
ii) Kinematics:
It is the branch of the dynamics that deals with the study of body
in motion without considering the force.

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Classification of Motion
In the world of mechanics, there are four basic types of motion.
These four are rotary, oscillating, linear and reciprocating. Each one moves
in a slightly different way and each type of achieved using different
mechanical means that help us understand linear motion and motion
control.
ROTARY MOTION
Rotary motion is anything that moves in a circle. This type of
motion was among the first discovered in ancient times. Think of a
spinning wheel on which people spun wool. A car's engine works the same
way. Like linear cylinders, rotary actuators are used across a wide range of
industries and come in electric, pneumatic and hydraulic options.
OSCILLATING MOTION
Something that oscillates moves back and forth. Anything that
repeats the motion cycle after a certain period is considered to be
oscillating. This type of motion is found everywhere in our world: a
sprinkler system, the pendulum of a clock or even sound waves.
You may be thinking that a rotary actuator functions as an
oscillating device, and for that matter, so does a linear one when it repeats a
continuous movement. When it comes to actuators, linear and rotary can be
viewed as oscillating.
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LINEAR MOTION
Simple enough, linear motion is anything that moves in a straight line,
like our linear actuators. Time, as far as we know, moves in a linear
fashion. Just like rotary devices, you can find linear cylinders in electric,
pneumatic or hydraulic options. They have driven the field of automation,
manufacturing, robotics, and others into a new age because, in the past,
rotary motion was the only means to create motion.
ONE MORE TYPE
There are actually five types of motion, but the last one doesn't count as
an actual type. It is known as irregular motion, which means any motion
that has no fixed pattern. Bees fly in an irregular motion.

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First Equation of Motion
The first equation of motion is v=u + at. It gives the
velocity acquired by a body in time t.
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’. Suppose it is
subjected to a uniform acceleration ‘a’ so that after time
‘t’ its final velocity becomes ‘v’. Now, from the
definition of acceleration we know that;
—> Acceleration= Change in velocity
Time taken
—> Acceleration= Final velocity –Initial velocity
Time taken
—> a=v - u
t
—> at=v - u
—> v=u + at
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Second Equation of Motion
2
The second equation of motion is s=ut +1/2at. It gives the
distance traveled by a body in time t.
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’ and a uniform
acceleration ‘a’ for time ‘t’ so that its final velocity
becomes ‘v’. .Let the distance traveled by the body in this
time ‘s’. The distance travelled by a moving body in time
‘t’ can be found out by considering its average velocity.
Since the initial velocity of the body is ‘u’ and its final;
velocity is ‘v’ ,the average velocity is given by:
—> Average velocity=Initial velocity+ final velocity
2
—>Average velocity=u + v
2
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Distance travelled= average velocity x Time

—> S=(u + v) x t …………………….(1) 2

From the first equation of motion we have ,v=u + at.
Putting the value of v in equation (1), we get
—> S=(u+ u+ at) x t
2
—> S=(2u+at) x t
2
—> S=2ut+ at2
2

—> S= ut+1/2at2

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Third Equation of Motion
2
The third equation of motion is v=u+2as. 2
It gives
the velocity acquired by a body in
traveling a distance ‘s’
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’ and a uniform
acceleration ‘a’ for time ‘t’ so that its final velocity
becomes ‘v’. .Let the distance traveled by the body in
this time ‘s’. The distance travelled by a moving body
in time ‘t’ can be found out by considering its average
velocity. Since the initial velocity of the body is ‘u’ and
its final; velocity is ‘v’ ,the average velocity is given by:
The third equation of motion can be obtained by
eliminating t between the first two equation of motion.
From second equation of motion we have;
2
S=ut+1/2at
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And from the first equation of motion we have;

—> v=u + at
This can be rearranged and written as
—> at=v - u
—>
t=
v-
u
a
Putting the

value of
tin
equation
(1)we
get;
—> V=u+2as Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
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Displacement
Displacement is the change in position of an object or person,
measured in meters. Displacement is a vector, which means that it has
magnitude (size) and direction. For example, 50 miles is considered to
be a distance, but 50 miles north of the origin is a displacement.
Displacement ignores the path you took, and only considers the start and
end points. It is said to be 'path independent'.
Velocity
The rate of change of displacement is called Velocity
• Speed only describes how fast something is moving
• Velocity describes both speed and direction!
• Speed may not always be constant.
• The velocity of an object may change, even if the speed remains the
same.

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Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
• Velocity includes both speed and direction, therefore acceleration is
both the rate of change in velocity and direction of that change.
• If acceleration is in the same direction as the object, the objects
speeds up.
• If acceleration is the opposite direction as the object, the object
slows down.
• Acceleration also depends on the time interval.
• To calculate the acceleration of an object, divide the change in
velocity by the time.
a= vf-vi or Δv
t t
• The unit for velocity is meters / second m/s
• The unit for time is seconds (s)
• Therefore, the unit for acceleration is meters/seconds = m/s2
seconds
“Meters per second squared”
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Newton’s first law
His first law states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by
the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of
inertia.
Newton’s Second law
The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a
body is directly proportional to the force applied, and this change in
momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force. The second law
can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since Newton's second
law is valid only for constant-mass systems

Newton’s Third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal
magnitude and opposite direction: if one object A exerts a force FA on a
second object B, then B simultaneously exerts a force FB on A, and the
two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction: FA = −FB.

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Equation of Motion under Gravity
Under gravity, acceleration is 9.8 m/s² and is denoted by g.
When an object is falling freely under gravity, then the above equations
would be adjusted as follows:
v = u + gt
h = ut + 1/2 gt2
V2= u2 + 2gh
In the above equation, + is replaced by – if the body is thrown upwards.

Maximum Height attained

Let a body be projected vertically upwards with an initial
velocity u. As it moves upwards its acceleration is taken as −g. As the
body goes up its velocity decreases and finally becomes zero (v = 0)
when it reaches maximum height. Now the above equation (3) becomes:
-u²= -2gh
From the above, we can derive that:
h=u²/2g.

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Time of Ascent (t1)
The time taken by a body thrown up to reach maximum height is
called its time of ascent. Let t1 be the time of ascent. At the maximum
height its velocity v = 0. Equation (1) becomes
0 = u − gt1
t1 =u/g
Time of descent (t2)
After reaching the maximum height, the body begins to travel
downwards like a freely falling body. The time taken by a freely falling
body to reach the ground is called the time of descent (t2). In this case u = 0
and g is positive. Equation (2) becomes

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 By Equation (4)

The above discussion makes it clear that time of ascent is equal to the
time of descent in the case of bodies moving under gravity.
Time of Flight
The time of flight is the time taken by a body to remain in air and is given by
the sum of the time of ascent (t1) and the time of descent (t2).

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Velocity of a body dropped from a height
When a body is dropped from a height h its initial velocity u is zero. Let
the final velocity on reaching the ground is v.
Equation (3) becomes
2
v = 2gh

At the same time, from Equation (4) we note that

This means that:

Velocity of the body falling from a height h on reaching the ground is
equal to the velocity with which it is projected vertically upwards to reach
the same height h. Hence the upward velocity at any point in its flight is
the same as its downward velocity at that point.

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Numerical Example
1. A coin was thrown vertically upwards and it rose to a length of 10
meter. What is the velocity with which the body was thrown
upwards?
Answer:
In this question: h = 10 m, v = 0, u = ?, g = -9.8 ms-²
Using equations:
v² – u² = 2gh
0 – u² = -2 x9.8 x10;
u² = 196;
u = 14 m/s

2. A coin was thrown vertically upwards and it rose to a length of 10

metre. What was the time taken by the body to reach the highest
point?
Answer:
From the first question u = 14 m/s, v = 0, t = ?
v= u – gt
0 = 14 – 9.8 x t
t = 1.43 second
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 D’Alembert’s principle
D’Alembert’s principle, alternative form of Newton’s second
law of motion, stated by the 18th-century French polymath Jean le Rond
d’Alembert. In effect, the principle reduces a problem in dynamics to a
problem in statics. The second law states that the force F acting on a body
is equal to the product of the mass m and acceleration a of the body,
or F = ma; in d’Alembert’s form, the force F plus the negative of the
mass m times acceleration a of the body is equal to zero: F - ma = 0. In
other words, the body is in equilibrium under the action of the real
force F and the fictitious force -ma. The fictitious force is also called
an inertial force and a reversed effective force.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

For two or more bodies in an isolated system acting upon each
other, their total momentum remains constant unless an external force is
applied. Therefore, momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.
The law of conservation of momentum is an important
consequence of Newton’s third law of motion.

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Derivation of Conservation of Momentum
Consider two colliding particles A and B whose masses are m1 and
m2 with initial and final velocities as u 1 and v1 of A and u2 and v2 of B. The
time of contact between two particles is given as t.
A=m1(v1−u1) (change in momentum of particle A)
B=m2(v2−u2) (change in momentum of particle B)
FBA=−FAB (from third law of motion)
FBA=m2∗a2=m2(v2−u2)/t
FAB=m1∗a1=m1(v1−u1)/t
m2(v2−u2)t=−m1(v1−u1)t
m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2
Therefore, above is the equation of law of conservation of momentum
where
m1u1+m2u2 is the representation of total momentum of particles A and B
before the collision and
m1v1+m2v2 is the representation of total momentum of particles A and B
after the collision.

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Q1. There are cars with masses 4 kg and 10 kg respectively that are at
rest. A car having the mass 10 kg moves towards the east with a
velocity of 5 m.s-1. Find the velocity of the car with mass 4 kg with
respect to ground.
Ans:
Given,
m1 = 4 kg
m2 = 10 kg
v1 = ?
v2 = 5 m.s-1
We know from the law of conservation of momentum that,
Pinitial = 0, as the cars are at rest
Pfinal = p1 + p2
Pfinal = m1.v1 + m2.v2
= 4 kg.v1 + 10 kg.5 m.s-1
Pi = Pf
0=4 kg.v1+50 kg.m.s-1
v1 = 12.5 m.s-1

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Q2. Find the velocity of bullet of mass 5 gram which is fired from a
pistol of mass 1.5 kg. The recoil velocity of pistol is 1.5 m.s-1.
Ans:
Given,
Mass of bullet, m1 = 5 gram = 0.005 kg
Mass of pistol, m2 = 1.5 kg
The velocity of a bullet, v1 = ?
Recoil velocity of pistol, v2 = 1.5 m.s-1
Using law of conservation of momentum,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Here, Initial velocity of the bullet, u 1 = 0
Initial recoil velocity of a pistol, u 2 = 0
∴ (0.005 kg)(0) + (1.5 kg)(0) = (0.005 kg)(v1) + (1.5 kg)(1.5 m.s-1)
0 = (0.005 kg)(v1)+(2.25 kg.m.s-1)
v1=-450 m.s-1
Hence, the recoil velocity of pistol is 450 m.s-1.

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Impulse and Impulse Force
Forces acting a very short time are called impulse forces
According to Newton's Second Law of Motion - force can be expressed as
F = dM / dt (1)
where
F = applied force (N, lbf)
dM = change of momentum (kg m/s, lb ft/s)
dt = time taken (s)
Eq. (1) can alternatively be expressed as
dM = F dt (1b)
Change in momentum is force times acting time.
Forces that act for a very short time are called impulse forces. The product
of the impulsive force and the time it acts is called the impulse. The
impulse is equal to the change of momentum caused by the impulsive force
and can be expressed as
I = F dt = dM (2)
where
I = impulse (N s)

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 Motion of a Lift
Suppose the elevator is at rest or moving with constant velocity
(acceleration ). By Newton's second law, the resultant force acting on
the person is zero, i.e.,

hence , i.e., the machine gives the true weight of the person. However,
if the elevator is accelerating upwards ( , take upward direction as
positive),

so , i.e., the machine gives a reading greater than the true weight of
the person. In other words, the person weighs more in the elevator!
Similarly, when the elevator decelerates ( ),

so and so the person weighs less in the elevator!

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Recoil of a GUN
Consider a gun loaded with a bullet, before firing , the gun and bullet are at
Rest. After firing, the bullet moves in one direction but the gun moves in
Opposite direction. This opposite reaction is called recoil of gun
Let M = Mass of the gun
v = velocity of the gun with which it recoils
m = Mass of the bullet
u = velocity of the bullet after firing
Moment of the bullet after firing = mu
Moment of the gun after firing = Mv
According to law of conservation of momentum
Mv=mu
v = m u/M

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 WORK
Work is defined as the product of the net force acting on a
body and the distance moved in the direction of the force

Work = force x parallel distance W = F x d

SI unit: J - joules (1 joules = 1Nm = 1kgm2/s2)

Only the component of the applied force, F, in the

direction of the motion of the lawn mower, F Horizontal, is
used to do work on the lawn mower

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 Practice!
How much work is done in lifting a 10 kg box 1.5 m off the floor?
F=ma : w=mg
w=(10 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
=?
W=Fd
W = (100 N)(1.5 m)
=?

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Practice!
How much work is done while walking 5.0 m holding an object with
mass of 3.0 kg?

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Practice!

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 POWER
Power is the rate at which work is done SI unit: watts (1 watt=1 joule/s)

Which person below does more work? Which person

has greater power? Explain.

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 ENERGY
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work

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• Two types of energy: kinetic (motion) and potential (stored)
• SI unit of energy are joules (1 joule=1kgm2/s2)

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Kinetic Energy
• KE is energy of motion
• KE is a scalar quantity

Potential Energy
• PE is stored energy
The compressed spring has potential
energy because when released it can
do work on the mass, m

• Gravitational PE is energy of position

Potential Energy = weight x height

P.E = m g h

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Conservation of Energy
• The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy in a system is
constant, in absence of friction.
KE + PE = CONSTANT
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed
from one form to another, but the total amount of energy in a
system remains constant.

KE + PE = CONSTANT

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Rotary Motion (Circular Motion)
Definitions of some special terms
1.Angular position (Φ)
The angular position of a particle is the angle ɸ made between
the line connecting the particle to the original and the positive
direction of the x-axis, measured in a counterclockwise direction

ɸ =l/r

2. Angular displacement (θ)

The radian value of the angle displaced by an object on the center
of its path in circular motion from the initial position to the final position
is called the angular displacement.

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 θ = θf - θi

3. Angular Velocity (ω)

Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is the rate of
change of angular displacement

ω=θ/t
Unit - rads-1
Vector direction by Right
hand rule

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4. Angular acceleration
Angular acceleration of an object in circular motion is the
rate of change of angular velocity

ω
t=t α = (ω – ω0) / t

Unit- rads-2 Direction- By

r
right hand rule
θ
ω0 t=0

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Angular equations of movement

α = (ω – ω0) / t ω = ω0 + αt

(ω + ω0 )/2 = θ / t θ = (ω + ω0 )t/2

(ω + ω0 )/2 = θ / t , ωt = 2θ + ω0t ,
(ω0 + αt)t = 2θ + ω0t θ = ω0t + ½ αt2

θ = (ω + ω0 )t/2, θ = (ω + ω0 )(ω - ω0 )
2

ω2 = ω02 + 2αθ
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Therefore the four equations of angular movement are-

1. ω = ω0 + αt
2. θ = (ω + ω0 )t/2
3. θ = ω0t + ½ αt2
4. ω2 = ω02 + 2αθ

It should be noted that these four equations are analogous to the four
linear equations of motion:
1. V = U + at
2. S = (V + U)t/2
3. S = Ut + ½ at2
4. V2 = U2 + 2as

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Relationship between physical quantities measured in angular motion and
that in linear motion

1. Linear displacement- Angular displacement

S= (2πr / 2π ) × θ = rθ
S
r
θ S = rθ

2. Linear velocity- Angular velocity

S/t=rθ/t V = rω

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 3. Linear acceleration- Angular acceleration

α = (ω – ω0) / t αr
= (ω – ω0)r / t αr
= (ωr – ω0r) / t αr
= (V - V0) / t
αr = a a = rα

Displacement Velocity

Acceleratiom
Translational motion S V a

Rotational motion θ ω α

Relationship S = rθ V = rω a = rα

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Simple Harmonic Motion
Such a motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to
the displacement and is directed towards the mean position is
called simple harmonic motion(SHM).

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 Condition FOR SHM:
 The system should haves restoring force.

 The system should have inertia.

 The system should be frictionless.

Expression for acceleration of the body executing SHM:

Consider a mass ‘m’ attached to one end of elastic spring which can move
freely on a frictionless horizontal surface.

 When the mass is released, it begins to vibrate

about its mean or equilibrium position.

But due to elasticity, spring opposes the applied force which produces the
displacement. This opposing force is called restoring force.

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 The restoring force is written by;

If ‘a’ is the acceleration produced by force ‘F’ in mass-spring system at

any instant, then according to Newton’s law of motion.

Comparing (i) and (ii)

From above equation we can write it as

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 Solution of the form
𝑘
∴𝜔 =
𝑚

 Velocity can found by differentiating displacement

Acceleration can found by differentiating velocity

Simplifying acceleration in terms of displacement:

Acceleration can also be expressed as:

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1) Find the amplitude and time period of a particle, moving with simple
harmonic motion, whose velocities are 9 m/sec and 4 m/sec at distances
of 2 m and 3 m respectively from the centre. Mar/ Apr 2017

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2) Define angular displacement and angular velocity. Mar/ Apr 2017

Angular displacement (θ)

The radian value of the angle displaced by an object on the center
of its path in circular motion from the initial position to the final position
is called the angular displacement.

θ = θf - θi

Angular Velocity (ω)

Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is the rate of
change of angular displacement
ω=θ/t
Unit - rads-1
Vector direction by Right
hand rule

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 3) State Newton’s first law of motion. Mar/ Apr 2017

First Equation of Motion

The first equation of motion is v=u + at. It gives the

velocity acquired by a body in time t.
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’. Suppose it is
subjected to a uniform acceleration ‘a’ so that after time
‘t’ its final velocity becomes ‘v’. Now, from the
definition of acceleration we know that;
—> Acceleration= Change in velocity
Time taken
—> Acceleration= Final velocity –Initial velocity
Time taken
—> a=v - u
t
—> at=v - u
—> v=u + at Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
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4) Define the following terms : Mar/Apr 2017
(a) Displacement
(b) Velocity
(c) Acceleration
Displacement
Displacement is the change in position of an object or person,
measured in meters. Displacement is a vector, which means that it has
magnitude (size) and direction. For example, 50 miles is considered to
be a distance, but 50 miles north of the origin is a displacement.
Displacement ignores the path you took, and only considers the start and
end points. It is said to be 'path independent'.
Velocity
The rate of change of displacement is called Velocity
• Speed only describes how fast something is moving
• Velocity describes both speed and direction!
• Speed may not always be constant.
• The velocity of an object may change, even if the speed remains the
same.
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Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
• Velocity includes both speed and direction, therefore acceleration is
both the rate of change in velocity and direction of that change.
• If acceleration is in the same direction as the object, the objects
speeds up.
• If acceleration is the opposite direction as the object, the object
slows down.
• Acceleration also depends on the time interval.
• To calculate the acceleration of an object, divide the change in
velocity by the time.
a= vf-vi or Δv
t t
• The unit for velocity is meters / second m/s
• The unit for time is seconds (s)
• Therefore, the unit for acceleration is meters/seconds = m/s2
seconds
“Meters per second squared”
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 5) Define simple harmonic motion. Give any two examples. Oct/Nov 2018

Simple Harmonic Motion

Such a motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to
the displacement and is directed towards the mean position is
called simple harmonic motion(SHM).

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EXAMPLES:
1) simple pendulum
2) mass spring system
3) a steel ruler clamped to a bench oscillates when its free end is
displaced sideways.
4) a steel ball rolling in a curved dish
5) a swing

Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DN
RCET, BVRM