Permeability

• magnetic permeability is the relative increase

or decrease in the resultant magnetic
field inside a material compared with the
magnetizing field in which the given material
is located
 Magnetic Susceptibility
• Magnetic field produces lines of force that penetrate
the medium to which the field is applied.
•The density of the lines of force is known as the
magnetic flux density.
•In a vacuum, the magnetic field and the magnetic flux
density are related by the permeability of free space,
µ0 . B = µ0 H
•If a magnetic material is placed in the field, it can
increase or decrease the flux density.
 Relation between permeability and
susceptibility
• Magnetic susceptibility (χm): It is the property of the substance which shows how
easily a substance can be magnetized.
• It is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (M) in a substance to the
magnetic intensity (H) applied to the substance, i.e.
• It is a scalar quantity with no units and dimensions.
• Magnetic permeability (μ): It is the degree or extent to which magnetic lines of
force can enter a substance.
• Relation between permeability and susceptibility:
• Total magnetic flux density B in a material is the sum of magnetic flux density in
• vacuum Bo produced by magnetizing force and magnetic flux density due to
magnetization of the material Bm
• B = Bo + Bm
• B = μ0H + μ0M = μ0H (1 + χ)
• μr = 1 + χ
 Magnetic domains
•Paramagnetism

•Spins are randomized by thermal energy. •Spins are aligned with or against an applied magnetic field.

•Ferromagnetism

•Spins are ordered in magnetic domains. •Spins are aligned with an applied magnetic field.
 Ferromagnetic domains
Ferromagnetic domains A magnetic domain describes a region which has
uniform magnetization.
•Moments of the atoms are aligned within the domain, but different
domains are aligned randomly w/respect to each other.
•Spins tend to align parallel because of short-range exchange interactions,
stemming from electron-electron repulsion.
•Longer-range magnetic dipole interactions also occur, tending to align the
spins anti-parallel.
•Building a domain with few spins, short-range interactions dominate, but
as more spins are added an individual spin will be exposed to a greater
magnetic dipole interaction.
•Eventually, magnetic dipole interactions overcome exchange interaction.
• Regions separating magnetic domains are called domain walls where the
magnetization rotates coherently from the direction in one domain to that
in the next domain.
 Magnetic domains
•Paramagnetism

•Spins are randomized by thermal energy. •Spins are aligned with or against an applied magnetic field.

•Ferromagnetism

•Spins are ordered in magnetic domains. •Spins are aligned with an applied magnetic field.