PERPETUATION OF LIFE

LIFE SCIENCE
 PERPETUATION

The capability of something to cause itself to

continue exist, is one of the main characteristics of
life.
 REPRODUCTION

Is the process by which organisms produce

offsprings; thereby allowing the propagation and
continuation of species.
HOW DO PLANTS
REPRODUCE?
 ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

Plants undergo an alternation of generation as part of

reproductive cycle.

Alternation of generations, also called metagenesis or

heterogenesis, in biology, the alternation of a sexual phase and
an asexual phase in the life cycle of an organism.

NOTE: ASEXUAL— Reproduction involves the formation of

offspring without the fusion of gametes. SEXUAL—
Reproduction involves the formation of offspring by the fusion
of gametes.
 REMEMBER:

MITOSIS— One cell divides and produces two (2)

genetically identical daughter cells.

MEIOSIS— One cell divides and produces cell or

cells with half(1/2) the number of chromosomes.
 HAPLOID- IS THE QUALITY OF CELL OR ORGANISM HAVING A
SINGLE SET OF CHROMOSOMES. ORGANISMS THAT REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY ARE HAPLOID.
DIPLOID- SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS ARE DIPLOID
(HAVING TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES, ONE FROM EACH PARFENT).
IN HUMAS, ONLY THEIR EGG AND SPERM CELLS ARE HAPLOID.
 ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
BETWEEN DIPLOID AND HAPLOID PHASES DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF
PLANTS.
NONVASCULAR VS.
VASCULAR PLANTS
 NONVASCULAR PLANTS

They appear to be very small

because of their lack of vascular
system needed for transporting
food and water at far distances.

They include the modern mosses

(Phylum Bryophyta), liverworts
(Phylum Hepatophyta), and
hornworts (Phylum
Anthocerophyta)
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSS
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

Seedless vascular plants such us

club mosses, horsetails, and
ferns have xylem and phloem to
transport materials throughout
the whole plant.

Require water for fertilization

LIFE CYCLE OF A FERN
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
SEED PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS
AND ANGIOSPERMS
 SEED PLANTS

The spermatophytes, which means “seed plants,” are

some of the most important organisms on Earth.
Life on land is shaped largely by the activities of
seed plants.
 WHAT IS SEED?

A seed is a small embryonic plant that comes from

ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm
plants. It is enclosed in a covering called the seed
coat, usually with some stored food.
GYMNOSPERM VS.
ANGIOSPERM
 GYMNOSPERM

The seed produced are naked,

hence the term gymnosperm,
which comes from the Greek
words gymnos, which means
“naked,” and sperma, which
means “seed.”

An example of a conifers is
the pine tree which has male
and female cones.
TYPES OF CONE
female and male cones
FEMALE VS. MALE CONES

The female cones are usually larger than male cones

The female cone has ovules that produce spores. In

each ovule, one spore can develop into a microscopic
female gametophyte.

The male cones produce male spores which develop

into pollen grains— the very tiny male gametophytes
of seed plants.
LIFE CYCLE OF A GYMNOSPERM
SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT
 ANGIOSPERMS

Angiosperm or flowering plants

comprise about 90% of the
Kingdom Plantae.

They produce flowers, with very

short stems bearing a series of
closely spaced leaf-like
structures modified to facilitate
pollination(sepals and petals) or
to bear the organs involved in
sexual reproduction (stamen and
pistils)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A FLOWER

ANGIOSPERMS
LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERM
DIPLOID SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT
REPRODUCTION OF
ANIMALS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF ANIMALS

In this type of reproduction, an

individual produces offspring
that are genetically identical
to itself since the genetic
makeup is not changed.

Several types of invertebrates,

such as sponges, cnidarians,
flatworms, annelids, and
echinoderms.
 TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BUDDING

GEMMATION

FRAGMENTATION

REGENERATION

FISSION

PARTHENOGENESIS
 BUDDING

This occur when a offspring

grows out of the body of
the parent. This can create a
colony of individuals
attached to a parent, such as
in corals.

ex: Hydra (phylum cnidaria)

Fresh-water organisms.
 GEMMATION

Happens when organisms

spontaneously develops a
bulge that turns into a new
organisms. ex: sponges
(phylum porifera) bodies full
of pores and channels
allowing water to circulate
through them.
 FRAGMENTATION

fragmentation is when an
animal’s body breaks into
different parts, which later
regenerate to form several
individuals. Sponges,
annelids, cnidarians and
tunicates are examples of
this mode of reproduction.
 REGENERATION

This happens when there is

regrowth of new parts of
an organism’s body to
replace those that have been
damaged. ex: green anole
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
to grow back a lost tail.
 FISSION
is the separation/division of an
organism to form individuals of
approximately same size. This is usually
observed in animal-like protist.

binary fission, asexual reproduction by a

separation of the body into two new
bodies. In the process of binary fission,
an organism duplicates its genetic
material, or deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), and then divides into two parts
(cytokinesis), with each new organism
receiving one copy of DNA.

Examples: Amoeba, Bacteria, Euglena

etc.
 PARTHENOGENESIS
- is like apomixes in plants, where
the egg cell develops without
fertilization. This is exhibited by
bees, wasps, lizards, sharks.

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual

reproduction by self-impregnation
resulting in the production of a
zygote from an unfertilized egg.
Thus, it is also referred to by many
as “virgin birth”. Parthenogenesis
takes place in both asexual animals.
In animals, the embryo develops
from an unfertilized egg.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF ANIMALS

In sexual reproduction, two

organisms produce offspring
that have genetic
characteristics coming
from both parents.

is the process of joining the

haploid gametes (sex cells)
to form a diploid cell called
a zygote.
A ZYGOTE, EVENTUALLY BECOMES AN EMBRYO
AND LATER ON DEVELOP INTO AN ORGANISM.
THE FEMALE GAMETE IS AN EGG CELL, IS
USUALLY NON-MOTILE, TO ENSURE SURVIVAL OF
THE EMBRYO BY STORING ENERGY.
THE MALE GAMETE IS A SPERM CELL, WHICH IS
MOTILE TO SEARCH FOR THE EGG CELL FOR
FERTILIZATION.
TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZATION

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
 EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Occurs when the sperm

fertilizes the egg outside of
the organisms. It occurs
mostly in wet environment
and requires both male and
female to release their
gametes (sex cell) into their
surroundings, which is
usually water. ex:
Amphibians, Fish.
 INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

The sperm fertilizes the egg

within the female. it
protects the fertilized egg or
embryo from predation and
harsh environments.
 3 METHODS OF INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

OVIPARITY (egg laid outside female body)

OVOVIVIPARITY (egg held within female)

VIVIPARITY (development within female followed

by live birth)
 OVIPARITY

Oviparous animals look after

their eggs after laying them.

Oviparous animals retain the

fertilized egg inside the body
where development occurs
occurs and nourishment is
received from the yolk.
(Born from an egg) ex: Birds
and egg varying mammals
etc.
 OVOVIVIPARITY

Ovoviviparous animals
produce eggs that develop
within the mother’s body. the
offspring does not have an
umbilical cord to attach the
embryo to its mother.
(animals develop eggs inside
the body of the mothers) ex:
some reptiles and amphibians
 VIVIPARITY

Wherein young develop

within the female and
nourishment is received
directly from mother through
placenta. (Born from the
mother’s womb) ex:
Humans, mammals
Viviparous animals undergo internal fertilization and the
embryo develops inside the mother until a young one is
born. The ovoviviparous animals produce eggs but the
eggs develop inside the mother and a live organism is
born.
 In Asexual reproduction, all the genes of an organisms are inherited
from a single parent through mitosis. this explains why all offsprings
are genetically identical to the parent. in sexual reproduction, an
organisms inherits half of the genetic information from its mother and
half from its father. hence, the produced offspring becomes a unique
individual.
 THANK YOU!

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