Chapter 2

Orthographic Projection

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Course Objective
Will enable students:
 To develop the understanding of drawings,
 To improve the concept of orthographic projection,
 At the end of the course they should be in a position to understand
the language of Engineers, i.e., drawing.
 To develop idea of preparation of various types of drawing
industrial sectors,
 To expose students to actual technical drawing techniques for variety
of components, so that they understand any type of technical
drawing in practice.
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 Introduction
 Orthographic projection = 2-D
representation of a 3-D object.

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 Introduction
 An orthographic projection represents
different sides of an object.

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 The Six Principal Views
 The 6 principal
views are
created by
looking at the
object,
straight on, in
the directions
indicated.

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 Standard Views
 The standard views used in an
orthographic projection are;
→ Front view
→ Top view
→ Right side view

 The remaining 3 views usually don’t

add any new information.

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 Front View
 The front view shows the most features
or characteristics of the object.
→ It usually contains the least amount of
hidden lines.
→ The front view is chosen first and the other
views are based on the orientation of the
front view.

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 View Alignment
 The top and front views are aligned
vertically and share the same width
dimension.

 The front and right side views are

aligned horizontally and share the same
height dimension.

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 Line Type and Weight
 There are four commonly used line
types;
→ Visible
→ hidden
→ center
→ Dimension line

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 Line Types
 Visible lines:
→ Visible lines represent visible edges and
boundaries.
→ Continuous and thick (0.5 - 0.6 mm).

 Hidden lines:
→ Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that
cannot be seen.
→ Dashed and medium thick (0.35 - 0.45
mm).
 Center lines:
→ Represent axes of symmetry.
→ Long dash – short dash and thin
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 Example
 Which of the following line types is a
VISIBLE line?

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 Example
 Which of the following line types is a
HIDDEN line?

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 Example
 Which of the following line types is a
CENTER line?

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 Example
 Which of the following line types is a
DIMENSION & EXTENSION lines?

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 Example
 Notice how different line types are used.

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 Exercise
 Fill the following dotted orthographic
projection with the appropriate line types.

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Fill in the visible
lines in to top view.
Fill in the visible
lines in to front view.
Fill in the visible lines
in to right side view.
Fill in the hidden
lines in to front, top
and right side views.
Draw the center
lines in all the views.
NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.

NOTICE!
The center line connects
between features in the same
view.
 Rules for Line Creation and Use
 The following rules will help us create
lines that communicate effectively.

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 Creating Hidden Lines
 Rule 1:
→ The length of the hidden line dashes may
vary slightly as the size of the drawing
changes.

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 Creating Hidden Lines
 Rule 2:
→ Hidden lines
should always
begin and end
with a dash,

→ Exception: When
the hidden line
begins or ends at
a parallel visible
or hidden line.
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 Creating Hidden Lines
 Rule 3:
→ Dashes should join at corners.

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 Using Center Lines
 Center lines represent axes of
symmetry.
→ They are important for interpreting
cylindrical shapes.

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 Line Precedence
 If two lines occur in the same place, the
line that is considered to be the least
important is omitted.

 Lines in order of precedence/importance

are as follows;
→ Visible line
→ Hidden line
→ Centerline

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 Orthographic Projection

1.7) Creating an
Orthographic Projection

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Choose a front view.
→ Which view shows the most about the
object?

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Decide how many views are needed.
→ How many and which views?

2
Front
Top

For procedural reasons,

we will continue this
example by drawing all
3 standard views.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw the
visible
features of
the front
view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw
projectors
off of the
front view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw the
top view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Project
back to the
front view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw a 45
projector
off the front
view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw
projectors
over to the
45 line
and down.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw the
right side
view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Project
back if
needed.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw
centerlines
where
necessary.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection

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 Completed Drawing

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 Projection Symbol
 United States = 3rd angle projection
 Europe = 1st angle projection

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 1st Angle & 3rd Angle
 Which orthographic projection uses 1st
angle projection and which uses 3rd.

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 Exercise 1-4

Missing lines 1

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 Exercise 1-4
 Fill in the missing
lines in the front, right
side, and top views.

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1 missing
visible line in
the front view.
The right side
view has 1
missing visible line
and 2 missing
hidden lines.
The top view has
5 missing visible
lines and 2
missing hidden
lines.
 Exercise 1-5

Missing lines 2

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 Exercise
 Shade in the surfaces
that will appear in the
front, top, and right
side views.
 Estimating the
distances, draw the
front, top, and right
side views.
 Identify the surfaces
with the appropriate
letter in the
orthographic
projection.
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1) Shade in the
surfaces of the front
view.

2) Draw the front

view.

3) Identify the
surfaces.
1) Shade in the
surfaces of the right
side view.

2) Draw the right

side view.
Notice the
3) Identify the horizontal and
surfaces. vertical
projectors.
1) Shade in the
surfaces of the top
view.

2) Draw the top Notice the 45 deg.

view. projector

3) Identify the
surfaces.