Vectors and Signals

Lab 1

Assistant Lecturer
Eng. Salma Maher
AGENDA ●
●
Unit
Causal Systems
● Linear Systems
● Time Invariant System
● Stable system

What we’re going to learn?

 Question 1

Plot the continuous function.

Plot the discrete function

 Question 2

Plot the sawtooth function.

𝑓 (𝑡)= { 2 𝑡 0 <𝑡 < 3

¿ 0 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Plot the discrete function f[n]

 Question 3

Plot the continuous function.

sin ( 𝑡 )
𝑓 (𝑡)=
cos ( 𝑡 )

Plot the discrete function

Sinc
Signal
 Sinc Signal

In mathematics, physics and engineering, the

sinc function, denoted by sinc(x), has two
forms, normalized and unnormalized.

{
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒙 )
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒙
¿ 𝟏 𝒙 =𝟎

In mathematics, the historical unnormalized

sinc function is defined for x ≠ 0 by

You can read more about its function and

properties in the link
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc_function
 Question 4

Plot the unnormalized Sinc function.

{
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒙 )
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒙
¿ 𝟏 𝒙 =𝟎

Plot the discrete function

Vector implementation
 Question 5

Redraw the unnormalized Sinc function in discrete form by changing

number of samples.

• N = 200
• N = 100
• N = 10
• N=5
Dirac Delta
Function

(Unit Impulse)
 Dirac Signal

The Dirac delta function, often referred to as

the unit impulse or delta function, is the
function that defines the idea of a unit impulse
in continuous-time. Informally, this function is
one that is infinitesimally narrow, infinitely tall,
yet integrates to one.

𝛿 ( 𝑥 )= { 0 𝑥≠0
¿+ ∞ 𝑥= 0

To handle the infinity at x equal to 0,

Set the Inf value to 1 to be able to plot the
Dirac delta function by using stem in MATLAB.
 Question 6

Plot the discrete delta function.

𝜹 [ 𝒏 ]= { 𝟎 𝒏≠ 𝟎
¿ 𝟏 𝒏=𝟎
Causal vs Non-Causal Systems

● A continuous time signal 𝑥(𝑡) is called

causal signal if the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 0 for 𝑡 <
0. Therefore, a causal signal does not
exist for negative time. The unit step
signal u(t) is an example of causal signal
as shown in Figure-1.

● Similarly, a discrete time sequence x(n)

is called the causal sequence if the
sequence x(n) = 0 for n < 0.
Memoryless vs Memory Systems
● A system whose response or output is due to present
input alone is known as memoryless system. For a
static or memoryless system, the output of the system at Examples
any instant of time (t for continuous-time system or n
for discrete-time system) depends only on the input
applied at that instant of time (t or n), but not on the
past or future values of the input.

● A system whose response or output depends upon the

past or future inputs in addition to the present input is
called memory systems.
Question 7

Plot the following delayed discrete delta functions

Determine if the output is Memoryless .
Determine if the output is Causal.
Question 8

Let be a signal with for and .

For each signal given below, determine the values of n for which it is
guaranteed to be zero.
Thank You