TOPIC 2: COHERENCE AND COHESION

Analyze the different sentences :

1. Bricks and cement will make
up a building .
2. Fat and alkali(lye-chemical
sodium hydroxide)will create an
ordinary bar soap
3. 4. Red and blue will create a
violet color.
• Cohesion on the other hand refers
to the act of forming a whole unit. It
is effectively a subset(subgroup) of
coherence.
Ways to Create Cohesion
There are different ways to create cohesion in
texts.
1. Reference – this involves the use of
determiners and pronoun ns in the succeeding
statements in place of the nouns used in the
previous statement.
Examples:
1. Karla enjoyed playing baseball. She said that
is definitely her new favorite sport.
2. My dog keeps running away when it is bath
time. He hates it.
2. Ellipsis – this involves omitting words
which were already introduced in the
first context and do not need to be
repeated in the latter part.
Examples:
1. I ate the cake I saw on the table. My
brother did not. (eat the cake)
2. I already shuffled the cards. Now pick
two. (cards)
3. I already did my part. Now, he has to
do this. (part)
3. Lexis - this involves the use of synonyms, hyponyms, and
superordinate of words. Lexical chains are created in a text
through the use of words belonging to the same set.
Through lexis and lexical chains, any central idea may be
restated without making the statements look like
monotonous to the readers.
• Examples;
1.My daughter enjoyed our vacation in Boracay last summer.
She loved swimming, playing under the sun, and rolling on
the white sand.
2.The keyboard, monitor, and mouse are still working in this
computer.
3. Our family went to the zoo and my nephews loved the
monkeys, birds, and the huge elephant, but we all hated the
snakes.
• Lexical-relating to the words or vocabulary of a language

Lexis- (terminology ;vocabulary)

Hyponyms- words that are specific examples of a general word or
superordinate
Superordinate- a thing that represents a superior order or category
with a system
Determiners-a word that modifies , introduces or describe a noun
Substitution – this involves the use of a
word or phrase to replace another that is
previously used. One and the same are
commonly used in substitution.
• Examples:
1. Gelai hates wearing a dress, but that one
looks great on her.
2.Lily asked her brother to wash the dishes,
but he does not want to do so.
3. My son ordered steak, and my husband
had the same.
5.Use of Cohesive Nouns – cohesive nouns are used in
the same way as lexis and lexical chains. They are also
called “umbrella nouns” because they can summarize
many words into one.
• Examples:
1. I walked in the moon and saw water bottles, candy
wrappers, and pieces of scattered on the floor, so I
picked and threw the trash on the bin.
2.The teacher told Red that he missed a position paper,
a book report, and a short film review, but he was still
given a chance to submit those projects.
3.Filipinos always give a warm welcome to the guests
who visit them at home. This Filipino trait is known
worldwide.
6. Use of Conjunctions – conjunctions used to
create cohesion in texts include listing words
such as first, next, and last; linkers for addition
such as and, moreover, and also; words that
show contrast such as but, however, and
despite; and words that signal cause and effect
such as therefore, because, and as a result.
Examples:
1. The basketball player broke his ankle during
the game; therefore, he needs to be taken to the
hospital right away.
2. Swimming alone is against the rules of the
beach resort. Moreover, it is dangerous
• Arrange the words in each item to form
a sensible sentence.
1. a We big have garden.
2. sail. knows to father how My
3. sister is sick today. My
4. has turtle. Edgar pet a
5. I the candle. blew the
6. the up I balloons. blew
7. are Where keys? my
 Arrange the following sentences so that they form a logical and coherent
paragraph. Write your paragraph on a piece of paper.
1 Last summer, I started my cactus 6 First, I made flyers describing my
and succulents selling business. plants and price

2 I’ve been in business almost a year
and I’busier than ever
3 Every Saturday, I have about 20
walk-in customers
7 Maria thought that I have a great
varieties of plants and she told
everything to her friends.
8 Mom and I delivered them to all the
houses in our neighborhood

4 A few days later, my neighbor, 9 I hope to save enough to reward

Maria, was my first customer. myself a travel to Batanes

5 My Own Business