SCHOOL OF BIOENGINEERING AND BIOSCIENCES ,

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY,

PHAGWARA

Gurjeet Kour 12320036

Samra Aijaz 12310086
Kumari Priya 12326607
Simran Kumari 12326488
Anjali Thakur 12301603
 BACTERIAL CONJUGATION.
MODES OF GENETIC EXCHANGE:
1.Transduction
2.Transformation
3.Conjugation
 Bacterial conjugation is defined as a way by which bacterial cell transfer
genetic material to another bacterial cell.
 It was first extensively studied method of gene transfer.
 It is a cell to cell contact gene transfer.
DISCOVERY AND EXPERIMENT…….

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

demonstrated in 1946 that bacteria gene
can also change in a way similar to that of
sexual reproduction seen in more
complex organism.
EXPERIMENT…..
 Strain A would grow on a minimal
medium only if the medium were
supplemented with methionine and
biotin.
 Strain B would grow on a minimal
medium only if it were supplemented
with threonine , leucine and thiamine.
 However, the plates that received the
mixture of the 2 strain produced
growing colonies at a frequency of 1 in
every 10,000,000 cell plates.
Mechanism of Bacterial Conjugation
 Bacterial Conjugation Involves following steps :

Pilus Formation

Bacterial conjugation occurs via

Three Methods
Physical contact F+
between Donor Resistance
Conjugation Hfr
and Recipient Plasmid
Conjugation
Conjugation
cell

Transfer of F-
plasmid TERMINOLOGY

The Donor The Recipient The Conjugate

Synthesis of F+ F- HFr
complementary Fertility Factor No Fertility Factor High Frequency
Strand Recombination
 Advantages
 Bacterial cojugation is used in genetic engineering

 The major application of microbial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material through

the transfer of DNA segment

 These DNA segments include genes that help them resist attacks from common

antimacrobial drugs, making many illnesses caused by these bacteria resistant to treatment

 Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer and ability to transfer

relatively large amounts of genetic material

The conjugation of an F Plasmid cell with an F- cell leads to the transfer of one or more F

parti- cles with an efficiency approaching 100% but only rarely to the transfer of

chromosomal DNA.
 Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer and ability to

transfer relatively large amounts of genetic material

The conjugation of an F Plasmid cell with an F- cell leads to the transfer of

one or more F parti- cles with an efficiency approaching 100% but only rarely

to the transfer of chromosomal DNA.

 Less incubation time

 Highly efficient
 Limitations

 Requirements of desired plasmid

 Only mobile genetic elements can
be transferred
 GENE MAPPING
 MAPPING OF THE GENE ON THE CHROMOSOMES
 ALFRED STURTEVANT FIRST CONSTRUCT A GENETIC
MAP
 IN GENETIC MAP DIFFERENT GENES ARE LINEARLY
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO CROSSING OVER
( DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM)
 HELPS TO IDENTIFY GENETIC DISORDERS OR ANY
OTHER DISEASES
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP OF DROSOPHILA
 FIRST GENETIC MARKER TO BE USED IN 20th CENTURY
CONSTRUCTED
 FRUITFLY SHOWED THE POSITIONS OF GENE LIKE BODY
COLOR,EYE COLOR
 FOUR LINKAGE GROUPS TO THE FOUR PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES
WERE DISCOVERED IN THIS FLY
 Limitations

 Requirements of desired plasmid

 Only mobile genetic elements can
be transferred
Human Genome Project
● HGP was an international scientific research project.

● HGP aimed to determine the complete sequence of

nucleotide base pairs.

● The idea was picked up in 1984 by the US Government

when the planning started, the project was formally
launched in 1990 and complete in 2003.

● HGP aims to determine the sequence of chemical base

pairs that comprise human DNA, map the entire human
genome, and identify its complex structures and
functions.

● HGP originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained

in a human haploid reference genome.
 Advantages of the HGP:
●
Disadvantages of the HGP:
Improves disease diagnosis.
● Helps develop personalized medicine.
● High cost of project
Advances drug discovery.
● Enhances understanding of human ● Privacy concerns with data
evolution.
● Promotes advancements in biotechnology. ● Potential for genetic discrimination
● Misinterpretation of genetic information