Morphology

A word and its form: inflection

 3rd Group
1. Fadhila Cahya Rahmawati 40122027

2. M. Irfan Rizqi Nurhada 40121016

3. Noviana Ashshiyamul Itsnaini 40121037
4. Ramli 40121024
5. Venti Meilita Leviasari 40121025
Word and grammar: lexemes, word forms
and grammatical word.
• In this chapter we Will focus on one variety; words that don’t have to
be listed because they are merely grammatically conditioned variants
of a word that is more basic, in some sense and which itself may or
may not be listed, dipending on whether its meaning is predictable or
not.
• By way of ilustrating the notiond ‘more basic’ and grammatically
conditioned variants ‘, let’s consider te words performs, performed,
and performance (1)-(3):
1)This pianist performs in the local hall every week.
2)Marry told us this pianist performed in the local hall every week.
3)The performance last week was particulatly impressive.
 All this word contain a suffix: perform-s, perform-ed, and perform-
ance. However, the suffixes -s and -ed are dependent on the
grammatical context in a way that the suffix – ance is not.We can
describe the different between performance on the one hand and
perform and performed on the other by saying that the letter pair are
grammatically conditioned varian form of the verb perform, whereas
performance is not a variant form of the verb, but rather a noun
derived from it. We have encountered here another important
distinction: between derivatonal morphology (the topic of chapter 5)
and so called inflectional morphology or inflection ( the topic of this
chapter),which deals with the inflected form of word, that is the kind if
variation that word exhibit on the basis of their grammatical context.
• Lexemes and word form

We need a new term for the more abstract kind of word of which the word
form performs, performed, and perform all of inflectional variant with a
lexeme perform. Two word forms are the same if only if they are
pronounced the same,or a homophonous. It follows that the same word
form can belong to two quite different lexemes,as bellow:
1)There were four rows of seats.
2)One person rows the boat.
In (1) rows is the plural of noun ROW, while (2) is one of the present tense
form of the verb ROW. It will be seen that one lexeme may be representes
by more than one word form and one word form may represent more than
one lexemes.
• Grammatical word form

1)This pianist performs in the local hall every week.

2)Marry told us this pianist performed in the local hall every week.
3)The performance last week was particulatly impressive.
Regular and irregular inflection
• Such nouns,in short, are irregular in their plural formation, and
irregularity is a kind of idiosyncrasy that dictionaries need to a
knowledge by indication such as ‘(plural teeth)’.
• Surprisingly what function as the past tense form namely, went,is
phinologically quite dissimilar to the verb’s other form
go,goes,going,and gone.
• Shoul we say,then that go and went are allomorph of one
morpheme?
• Most linguistic would say no;rather,they would treat this as showing
that one lexeme may be represented by two (or more ) quite distinct
root morphemes(not allomorph). The term given to this phenomenon
is suppletion ; go and went are said to be dustinct roots(and hence
distinct morphemes).
• Suppletion is generally seen as a relationship between forms of the
same lexeme, whereas allomorphy need not be. For example, the
allomorph wife and wive-show up in forms of the lexeme wife,but the
plural allomorphs [s],[z],and [Iz] don’t belong to any one lexeme.
Form of nouns
• Most countable nouns in English have two word forms: singular and plural
• inflectionally, for any noun lexeme X there are just two grammatical word,
‘singular of X’ and ‘plural of X’ contrasting in number.
• There are also some countable nouns that express their plural with no suffix
at all (Teeth, men) where there is a change in the vowel of the root -or more
precisely an allomorph of the root with a different vowel from the singular.
• However, there are also some whose plurals display not even a vowel change,
for example ; sheep,fish,deer,trout.
12)A deer vusible through the trees
13)Two deer were vusible through the trees
• The class if nouns which are unchangeed in the plural (called ‘zero
plural’nouns, if they carrying a zero suffix).
• And there are also a few nouns such as SCISSORS and PANTS which is
exist only in a -s-plural form, and which appear only in plural syintact
context, even though they denote single countable entities.
A.[Those scissors belong in the top drawer.] B.[Your pants have a hole in
the seat.]
A.[That scissors belong in the top drawer.] B.[Your pants has a hole in
the seat.]
• This idiosyncratic lack of a morphological singular form (except in
compounds such as scissor factory) creates a problem in context where
the syntax seem to require such a form, as when the noun is preceded by
the indefinite article a or an.
• We can say neither *a pant nor *a pants and likewise neither a scissor
nor a scissors. However, for these lexemes, there is a conventional
circumlocution or periphrastic form: pair of pants and pair of scissors (as in
that pair of scissors belongs in the top drawer)
16)I saw a cat in the garden.
17)I saw (some) cats in the garden
18)*I saw cat in the garden.
19)That pair of scissors belongs in the top drawer.
20)These pairs of scissors belong in the top drawer.
• The apostrophe form: pianist’s, man’s, child’s, etc .- do these not
count as further inflected form of the lexemes pianist, man, and
child, namely psessive form?
• However, it is easy to show that what-‘s attaches itself to is not a
morphological unit such as noun root(e.g. man) but a syntax unit,
namely a noun phrase:
21)That man’s bicycle
22)That old man’s bicycle
23)That man next door’s bicycle
24)That man you met yesterday’s bicycle
25)That man you met’s bicycle
Form of pronouns and determiners
• the distinction that English express by word order in John loves Mary
and Mary loves John is expressed by inflectional means on the words
corresponding to Mary and John. In English the same technique is
used for one small closed class of lexemes namely, Personal
pronouns:
26)He loves her
27)She loves him
• He and him are sometimes said to contrast in case, he belong to the
nominative case and him belong to the accusative case. This kind of
inflection has only a marginal role in English, being limited to
pronouns; but, if we treat HE as a lexeme, we must recognise it as
having two form: he and him.
• If he and him are forms of the lexemes HE and so on
• what are we to say about corresponding words with a posessive
meaning: his and our, as well as my ,her, your and their? Syntactically
and semantically, these words fulfil just the same role as noun phrase
with the apostrophe.
 Form of verb
• 28) GIVE The lecture is always given by Mary.
Third person singular present tense:
Basic form (used everywhere else):
eg. Mary gives a lecture every year.
Past tense: e.g. Mary may give a lecture
e.g. Mary gave a lecture las week. Mary wants to give a lecture.
Progressive participle; Mary and John give a lecture every
e.g Mary is giving a lecture every today year.
Perfect or passive participle:
e.g. Mary has given a lecture today
• For any verb V, grammatical words ‘perfect participle of V’ and
‘passive participle ‘ forms are expressed by the same word form, most
verbs have only four forms, because the past tense and the perfect(or
passive) participle forms are the same.
29)PERFOM
Third person singular present tense: performs
Past tense: performed
Progressive participle: performing
Perfect or passive participle: performed
Basic form (used everywhere else): perform
• When two grammatical words that are distinct for some lexemes are
systematically identical for others, as here, these formare said to be
syncretised, or to exhibit syncretism.
• Other verbs ir verb like words whose behaviour belongs to grammar
rather than word formation are the auxiliaries , such as BE and HAVE
and modals, such as CAN, MUST, MAY. Instead of the usual verbal
maximum of five forms, modals distinguish only two (e g. Can, could)
or even just one(e g. Must), while BE distinguishes(am,is, are, was,
were, being , been, be).
Forms an adjective
• Many English adjective exhibit three forms, for example GREEN :
30)Grass is green
31)The grass is greener now than in winter
32)The grass is greenest in early summer.
The grammatical words that green, greener, and express are the
positive, comparative, and superlative of GREEN.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy Happier Happiest
Long Longer Longest
Pure Purer Purest
Untidy Untidier Untidiest
Good Better Best
• All these exhibit a regular pattern of suffixation with -er and -est, except for better
and best.
• The justification for saying that comparative and superlative form of adjective
belong to inflectional rather than to derivatonal morphology is that three are some
grammatical context in which comparative or superlative adjective are unavoidable,
anything else (even semantically appropriate) being ill formed:
34)
This field is greener than that one
*This field is green than that one
*This field is fertile than that one.
35)
• The greenest fields of all are here
• The green fields of all are here
• The superior fields of all are here
36)*Curiouser and curiouser!
37)*This field is fertiler than that one
38)*The fertilest fields of allare here.

39)More and more curious!

40)This field is more fertiler than that one
41)The most fertile fields of allare here.
• Broadly speaking, the suffix -er and -est appear on adjective whose
basic form has one syllable, or two provided that the second syllable
ends in vowel