Land Use Planning is a dynamic, evolving field

that emerged out of convergence to two

concerns:

• The provision of urban infrastructure; and

• Social reform through land-use planning.
 Today land-use planning has expanded to
include the development, implementation and
evaluation of a wide range of policies, while at
the same time continuing its underlying focus on
community well-being. Urban and regional
planners, in both developing and developed
countries, are specifically concerned with:

• Land use planning and management, specifically

between rural and urban uses, in coastal zones,
among contemporary urban functions, and with
regard to urban form;

• Environmental management and risk

management in hazard prone areas;
 The design of the municipality/city and
harmonization of conflicts with the
surrounding region;

 Regional planning, with particular interest in

global-local interaction, uneven land-use
development, industrial location and
regional economic growth;

 The identification of social needs and the

design and provision of services and
facilities to meet these needs;
 The distribution of benefits and costs of
resource allocation and use among people;

 Citizen participation in planning; and

 Decision making processes; policy and

program evaluation.
 Laws that ensure rational land use and
sustainable urban and regional
development:
• Executive Order No. 72 – Providing for the preparation and
implementation of the comprehensive land use plans or
local government units pursuant to the Local Government
Code of 1991 and other pertinent laws;

• Memorandum Circular No. 54 – Prescribing the guidelines

of Section 20. RA 7160, Authorizing Cities/Municipalities
to Reclassify Lands into Non-Agricultural Uses;

• Executive Order No. 124 – Establishing priorities and

procedures in evaluating areas for land conversion in
regional agricultural/industrial Centers, Tourism
development area sites for socialized housing.
 Reclassification of Lands:
• A city or municipality may, through an ordinance passed by
the Sanggunian after conducting public hearings for the
purpose, authorize the reclassification of agricultural lands
and provide for the manner of their utilization or disposition
in the following cases:

• (1) when the land ceases to be economically feasible and

sound for agricultural purposes as determined by the
Department of Agriculture or
• (2) where the land shall have substantially greater economic
value for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes, as
determined by the Sanggunian concerned. Provided, that
such reclassification shall be limited to the following
percentage of the total agricultural land area at the time of
the passage of the ordinance.
• The President may, when public interest so requires
and upon recommendation of the National Economic
and Development Authority, authorize a city or
municipality to reclassify lands in excess of the limits
set in the next preceding paragraph.

• The local government unit shall, in conformity with

existing laws, continue to prepare their respective
comprehensive land use plans enacted through
zoning ordinances which shall be the primary and
dominant bases for the future use of land resources:
Provided, that the requirement for food production,
human settlements, and industrial expansion shall be
taken into consideration in the preparation of such
plans. (Sec. 20, RA7160)
 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
• TOWN PLAN - It is an official public document adopted by a local
government unit as a guide to decisions regarding the physical and
socio-economic development of their community.

• It provides for the directions on how the local leaders and their
population would want their community to develop within a given
framework of time.

• It sets the goals, objectives and policy guidelines of the local

government unit after defining the strengths and weaknesses,
identifying its opportunities and threat in relation to its environs.

• In the Philippines, town plan is synonymous to a comprehensive

development plan, city plan, physical framework plan, comprehensive
land use plan, or municipal development plan.
• LAND USE PLAN - It is the rational and deliberate allocation of
land resources to different uses based on the comprehensive and
integrated plan for the area.

It is the translation of the socio-economic, the infrastructure and

environmental management plan into land allocations.
• ZONING - It is the division of the community into functional
zones based on the present and potential uses of properties for
the purpose of regulating the use and growth of properties in
accordance with the comprehensive development plan of the
community.

• ZONING ORDINANCE - It is the locally enacted legislation which

embodies among others regulations affecting uses allowed or
disallowed in each zone or district, conditions for allowing them
and penalties for violating any of its provisions.

It is complemented by other laws/legislations such subdivision

laws, building code, fire code, sanitation code, water code and
the like.
 LOCATIONAL CLEARANCE - It is a written
authorization or permit to develop or use or
construct in certain areas or any parcel of
land based on an approved land use plan or
zoning ordinance or in its absence based on
DHSUD planning standards and guidelines.
• LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS NO. 729 OF 1978 -
This mandates local government units to
prepare land use plans and zoning
ordinances through the assistance of Human
Settlements Regulatory Commission, now
HLRB.
• RA 7160 OR THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF
1991- Authorizes the local legislative body to
enact land use plan and zoning ordinance per
following provisions:

Cities: Sect. 447 (a)(2) (vi up to ix)

Municipalities: Sect. 458 (a) (2) (vi up to ix)

• EXECUTIVE ORDER 72 s. 1993 - Provides the

mechanism for the preparation and
implementation of the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan of local government units per Local
Government Code of 1991 and other pertinent
laws.
• RA 7279 s. 1991 - Otherwise known as the
UDHA or the Urban Development and
Housing Act.

It is a legislation providing for a

comprehensive and continuing urban
development and housing program.

It provides the mechanism for land use

inventory, acquisition, disposition and
provision of socialized housing for the
underprivileged and homeless.
• Formal Requirements
1. Local Legislative resolution allocating
financial support and authority to the
Mayor to enter into a memorandum of
agreement with the lead agency in the
plan preparation.

2. Memorandum Order of the Mayor creating

the Municipal Planning Team.
• Composition of the Planning Team
Chairman : Mayor

Head : Head of the City/Mun. Planning and Development Staff or

City/Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator

Members 1. Sangguniang Panlunsod/Bayan member

2. Staff of the City/Mun. Planning and Development
Staff (e.g. local civil registrar, draftsmen, statistician, etc.)
3. Municipal Engineer
4. Heads of functional units of the local government.
5. Staff from the Office of the Provincial Governor
6. Staff of the national agencies operating in the region: DHSUD,
NEDA, DENR
7. Private sector and the non-governmental organizations
8. Barangay officials
9. Interested citizens, sectoral representatives

Training of the planning team in the conduct of preparing the

town plan and the zoning ordinance.
• BASIC SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Historical Development
2. Physiographic Characteristics
3. Demographic Profile
4. Existing Land Use Analysis
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE: SITUATIONAL STUDIES
AND PROJECTIONS
1. SOCIAL SECTOR

Education, Social Welfare, Sports and Recreation, Protective Services, and

Housing

2. ECONOMIC SECTOR

Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, Forestry and Tourism

3. INFRA-UTILITIES

Transportation, Water, Power and Drainage

4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Environmentally critical areas, Waste Management, Special Uses:

cemeteries, abattoirs, etc.

5. LOCAL ADMINISTRATION

Structure, Finance
 • CROSS SECTORAL ANALYSIS / S W O T
• GOALS, OBJECTIVES, TARGETS, STRATEGIES AND
POLICIES FOR DEVELOPMENT:

1. Functional Role of the Town

2. Concept of Development
3. Statement of the goals, objectives, targets
4. Statement of Development Strategies and
Policies for Development

• LAND USE PLAN:

1. LAND USE PATTERN

2. GENERAL LAND USE PLAN
3. URBAN LAND USE PLAN
• PLAN IMPLEMENTING TOOLS:
1. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT PLAN

2. POLITICO-LEGAL MECHANISM

3. FISCAL MANAGEMENT

• MAPS:
1. Thematic maps (report sizes)
2. Urban land use (existing and proposed)
3. General land use (existing and proposed)
4. Zoning maps (urban and general)

• DOCUMENTS ADOPTING THE TOWN PLAN

AND THE ZONING ORDINANCE:
1. Sangguniang Panlunsod/Bayan resolution adopting the town
plan/zoning ordinance.
2. Minutes of the public hearing/consultations
3. Ratification: HLRB / Provincial Government
1. Data gathering

2. Mapping operations

3. Land use survey

4. Demographic studies

5. Physiographic studies

6. Land use analysis

7. Identification of development constraints

8. Sectoral situational analysis and projection

8.1 Analysis of the existing situation

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

8.2 Projections of needs (quantitative)

8.3 Target setting

9. Cross sectoral analysis / studies of resources

and development needs / SWOT

10. Identification of the functional role of the town.

11. Formulation of Goals, Objectives, Targets

12. Preparation of the listings of the proposed

programs and projects as a result of the
various studies or the listing of the local
development investment plan.

13. Land Use Planning - Urban and general plan

14. Planning for the environmental management

15. Politico-administrative plan

16. Public and sectoral consultations

16.1 Public hearings at the barangay/city/municipal levels.

16.2 info dissemination through print and broadcast media

17. Review Bodies:

17.1 Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC)

17.2 Regional Land Use Committee (RLUC)

18. Integration of various feedbacks and review comments on the

plan.

19. Adoption by the local legislative council.

20. Ratification

20.1 Provincial government

20.2 HLRB
1. Historical Background

Date/year the town was founded

Etymology of the town’s name
Prominent personalities from the town
Other interesting information
2. Physiography

2.1 Basic information and the thematic maps of

the ff;

- general land use map

- urban base map
- vicinity map of the town
- contour
- soil
- slope
- land capability
- soil suitability
- hydro geologic map (groundwater)
- irrigated-irrigable land
- geologic/fault lines/flooding hazards
- weather / climate
- prevailing wind directions
3. Demography Total population as to:

sex, age, geographic distribution, density,

working, age, labor force, school age,
literacy, others.

Comparative data of the growth population

of the municipality from the earliest records
to date.

Projections of the growth of the population

using at least two different methods
acceptable in determining the future
population.
4. Existing Land Uses

Area and location of the following:

4.1 Settlements
4.2 Agricultural areas (irrigated/irrigable
lands covered by the CARL)
4.3 Forests
4.4 Ecologically sensitive / risk areas
(natural and manmade to included
the
flood prone, silted, eroded coral
reefs, swamps and marshy areas
4.5 Water bodies: coastal zones,
fishponds, brackish waters, etc.
 4.6 Legally protected areas:

- established under international

convention
- established by national
legislation such as parks, wildlife,
shrines
and the lake.
- established by local laws to
protect important ecosystem
- established through planning
restrictions on land use
- recognized y customary or tribal
law to protect sacred lands.
4.7 Residential
4.8 Commercial
4.9 Institutional
4.10 Industrial
4.11 Parks
NOTE: The narrative analysis/presentation of the
existing land uses must be divided into:

General Land Use: pertains to the

barangays not classified as the urban or central
business district of the town. In rural areas,
these are the barangays where the majority of
the population are engage in agriculture.

Urban Area: refers to the poblacion or

central district of a town. This area is
referred as the Central Business District and
the urbanising built up areas adjacent to it.
 5. Socio-Infra Utilities

- qualitative analysis of the existing

facilities as to location, structures, number
of government personnel and private
groups rendering services to the
population.

- quantitative analysis of the existing

facilities vis- à-vis population

- projections of the future needs in terms

of personnel requirements and physical
facilities.

•
6. Economic Sector - analysis of the existing
facilities in terms number/location, adequateness,
analysis of the volume of production, income
derived/earned, and the natural as well as manmade
constraints in production, traffic of goods, etc.

- analysis of the existing situation and its

overall impact on the ecological balance of the
community

- quantitative analysis of the existing

productions

- projections or productions and the measures

to sustain ecological balance brought about by
the increase in production.
7. Environmental Management Situational
analysis of the ff: waste disposal
(domestic and industrial); adequacy of
cemeteries and burial grounds;
environmentally critical areas; legally
protected areas.

Analysis of the adequacy of the existing

local guidelines to maintain sound
ecological balance in the community and
the proposals to enhance / sustain the
ecological balance.
8. Local Administration Analysis of the past
and present expenditures of the municipality

Analysis of the sources of income in terms

of its adequacy to meet budgetary
requirements of the municipality in providing
basic services.

Analysis of the existing institutional

linkages and the means to strengthen the
present system for a better public service.

Projections of income and expenditures.

Definition of Terms:
1. Land as property - is how land is perceived when it is
considered as a private commodity which can be owned,
used, bought or sold for personal comfort and profit.

2. Land use- is a concept that deals mainly with how people

socially construct and make use of land resources.

3. Industrial -This urban land use class refers to manufacturing

areas consisting of factories.

4. Institutional -The urban land use class includes public or

government areas and special uses such as cemeteries and
memorial parks.
5. Residential -This urban land use class includes single- and multiple-
family dwellings.

6. Reversible- type of land uses wherein the inherent features or

characteristics of land have not been considerably altered or
modified.

7. Combined or multiple land uses- type of land uses when land uses
can be combined in a single site or parcel of land at the same
time.

8. Irreversible –type of land use when land is subject to applications

which bring about changes, alterations, and modifications so much so
that it preempts the original use or it is physically impossible to
restore the land to its previous state or conditions.

9. Settlement- is a general term used for a permanent or temporary

community in which people live, without being specific as to size,
population or importance.

10. Linear-where the settlement has developed along a line, the kind of
settlement according to shape.
11. A dispersed settlement is where the buildings are
spread apart.

12. A nucleated settlement is where the buildings are

grouped together, the kind of settlement according to
shape.

13. Market towns- these areas are found in fertile farming

sites and has many services e.g. shops and offices,
the kind of settlement according to function.

14. Industrial towns- these areas have railways and canals

for transports and housing and industry mixed
together, the kind of settlement according to function

15. Urban Settlements- they contain a heterogeneous

population consisting of different ages, cultures and
ethnicities. They are more expansive and contain a
wide range of land uses.
16. Rural settlements- are more or less self-contained and may
not use zoning controls or have limited planning and
development regulations. They rely on a local and
agricultural-based economy with dependencies on services,
such as hospitals and educational establishments in nearby
urban centers.

17. Planning- is an anticipated list of activities for the

achievement of a target by a unit or person

18. Land use planning -refers to the rational and judicious

approach of allocating available land resources to different
land using activities.

19. Land use map- is a visual representation of the plan and

shows how land or the structures on the land are used over a
particular period of time.

20. Land use plan- a document that outlines the preferred future
spatial arrangement of land uses, with a set of proposed
actions to turn the plan a reality.
21. Comprehensive Land Use Plan - refers to a document embodying
specific proposals for guiding, regulating growth and
development of a city or municipality.

22. Zoning- it is the guide to the proper location of activities in space.

23. Zoning ordinance -it has been singled out in the Local Government
Code as the principal instrument for implementing the CLUP.

24. Protection -it is a land use policy area referring to resources that
need to be protected, conserved, rehabilitated, including areas that
require prevention and mitigation of disasters.

25. Infrastructure- is a land use policy area which deals with capital
investments that support spatial integration, production efficiency
and social service delivery.

26. Production -It is a land use policy area which is focused on economic
production from the extractive to the modern service sectors.
27. Urbanisation -is a spatial (non-spatial)
and social process which refers to the
changes of behaviour and social relationships
that occur in social dimensions as a result
of people living in towns and cities.

28. Sustainability- is a process which tells of

a development of all aspects of human
life affecting sustenance.
Physical and climactic characteristics of land,
like its topography, character of the soil,
subsurface structure and composition, as well
as the distribution of minerals, oil and gas,
have bearing on the use of the land and its
classification.
Basic Land Components - include the rock types, climate,
geologic structure, and other subsurface features.

For urban development, hard rocks are considered good

foundation for buildings while faulted rocks limit the kind
and intensity of uses that land can accommodate.
Manifest Land Components - include soils, landforms,
topography, and vegetation. Soils are extremely important
in agriculture.

Topography and landforms control land uses such as when

the terrain is steeply sloping. A rugged terrain that
naturally precludes high-intensity and high-density land
uses may be cultivated and developed only at great risk.
Presence of Minerals, Oil and Gas – The
presence of these products of geologic
processes, which are entirely independent of
human needs and convenience maybe an
overriding influence on the use of land.
Non-urban land uses may be categorized broadly
into:

1. Agricultural (whether irrigated or non-irrigated

farms or croplands, rice paddies, fishponds and
aquaculture areas, vineyards, animal husbandry,
etc.)
2. Forest (natural or virgin forests, secondary growth,
artificial or reforestation areas, tree
plantations, fruit tree farms, etc.)
3. Recreational and/or tourism (mainly land and
related water for outdoor recreation)
4. Grazing land (livestock open range lands, pastures,
or meadows
URBAN LAND USES MAY BECLASSIFIED INTO:

1. Residential (single- and multiple-family dwellings

including residential condominiums, apartments, row
houses, townhouses, etc. in both master planned
gated subdivisions and traditional neighborhoods)
2. Office and commercial (tertiary or service activities
found in shopping and office complexes, arcades, in
major commercial districts and local neighborhood
centers)
3. Industrial (manufacturing areas consisting of factories,
industrial plants and complexes including
warehouses)
4. Institutional (includes public or government areas and
special uses such as cemeteries and memorial
parks)
5. Parks and open spaces (public semi-natural recreational
spaces usually with greenery and aesthetic elements
and natural open spaces)
6. Roads and transportation network (highways, streets,
and bridges including railways, bikeways, and
pedestrian roads or corridors)
Urban and rural settlements differ in
demographics, land area and usage,
population density, transportation networks
and economic dependencies.

Demographics. Urban settlements contain a

heterogeneous population consisting of
different ages, cultures and ethnicities,
whereas rural areas contain a more
homogenous population based on family,
similar ethnicities and fewer cultural
influences.
Land Area and Usage. Urban settlements are more expansive and
contain a wide range of land uses. For instance, major
metropolitan areas use density zoning to indicate different levels
of development. In contrast, rural settlements are more or less
self-contained and may not use zoning controls or have limited
planning and development regulations.

Population Density. The U.S. Census Bureau defines urban

settlements as areas with more than 50,000 people and at least
1,000 people per square mile; including contiguous census tracts
or blocks with at least 500 people per square mile. In contrast,
rural settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density
between one and 999 people per square mile.

Transportation Network. Rural transportation networks consist of

local and county roads with limited interconnectivity to rail and
bus lines. Urban settlements contain highway infrastructure as
well as airports and light or heavy commuter rail.
Economy. Urban areas are dependent on a global economy
of import and export, whereas rural economies rely on a
local and agricultural-based economy with dependencies
on services, such as hospitals and educational
establishments in nearby urban centres.

Urban Settlements. Most governments define urban

settlements based on one or a combination of criteria,
including population size, population density, and social
and economic factors, such as the proportion of the labor
force engaged in non-agricultural activities; the
administrative or political status of a locality, such as
national, provincial, or district capitals, or census
designations. (Hardoy et al., 2001)

Rapid urban growth reflects migration of people to cities

as well as natural population increase among urban
residents. Rural areas have virtually stopped gaining
population.
Megacities:
As the population increases, more people will
live in large cities. Many people will live in the
growing number of cities with over 10 million
inhabitants, known as megacities.
1. Philippine Agenda 21 (PA21), is the
national agenda for sustainable development.
It outlines the integrating strategies for the
country’s overall sustainable development
and identifies the intervention areas (Action
Agenda) from the national to the regional
level, along with the corresponding
implementing platforms and plans.
2. Executive Order 72 was issued providing for the
preparation and implementation of the CLUP by the
local government units and for the review and approval
thereof by the HLURB and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.

3. Republic Act 7279 The Urban and Development Housing

Act (UDHA) or RA 7279 gives a clear-cut definition of
a Land Use Plan which the LGUs are mandated to
adopt.

Section 3(k) of RA 7279 defines Land Use Plan as the

“rationale approach of allocating available land resources
as equitably as possible among competing user groups and
for different functions consistent with the development
plan of the area and the program under this Act.” The
extent of comprehensiveness and the focus of land use
planning process as well as the preparation of the CLUP
defined within the bounds of “land resources” by this
provision
4. Executive Order No. 648 Section 5, Article II
“(a) To promulgate zoning and other land
use control standards and guidelines which
shall govern land use plans and zoning
ordinances of local governments”

5. The Local Government Code of 1991 Section

468, 2, Article III, Chapter 3, Book III“(vii)
Review the Comprehensive Land Use Plans
and zoning ordinances of component cities
and municipalities and adopt a
Comprehensive Provincial Land Use plan,
subject to existing laws”
• Urban growth is a sum of increase in
developed land.
• One of its forms is expansion.
• Whereas, urban growth having some special
characteristics (typically has a negative
connotation) is sprawl.
 Sample issues and dilemmas that planners
deal with:
 Top-Down or Bottom-up?
 Expert or Local Knowledge?
 Efficiency or Equity?
 Market solutions or Government regulations?
 Environment or Economic Growth?
 Settlement

• A settlement is a general term used in

archaeology, geography, landscape history and
other subjects for a permanent or temporary
community in which people live, without being
specific as to size, population or importance. A
settlement can therefore range in size from a
small number of dwellings grouped together to
the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized
areas.
• A conurbation is a region comprising a number
of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical
expansion, have merged to form one continuous
urban and industrially developed area.
Kinds of Settlements according to function:

1. Ports
a. Found where there are sheltered harbours
b. Flat land for building on nearby
c.
Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger ships
d. Many ports has gone through a lot of redevelopment
2. Seaside Resorts
a. Close
to industrial areas with large populations, with good
rail and roads
b. On the sea−front are hotels and entertainments
such as pubs and bingo

c. Guest houses are found inland where the land is

cheaper to buy

d. Housing found further inland, with industry on the

outskirts
e. Promenades pedestrian roads along the front of
the resort
Planning Process

1. Identification of Problem
2. Goal Setting
3. Data Gathering
4. Strategies and Approaches
5. Choosing the best strategies
6. Implementation
7. Identifying and analyzing problems and issues
8. Defining goals and objectives
9. Developing and evaluating strategies, alternatives, and
options available to the city and local stakeholders in order
to reach the stated goals and objectives
 Elements of a planning system
 Different types of planning
 between sectoral and technical planning (e.g.

transportation planning or the planning of

water resources) and planning which overlaps
sectors or is partially integrative.
 The nature of the planning process differs

depending on its specific task.

Overall goals of planning or participation,
• conservation of land resources or
• balancing of regional disparities.
• In a democratic system the overall goals of
planning correspond to the fundamental
principles and values in a society.
• elements of a planning system
 Definition of responsibilities

• Planning assignments are mandated to certain

administrative levels (national, regional, district,
community) and authorities (sectoral and territorial).
• Regulating the relationship between the various types of
planning
• The nature of relationships between the various types of
planning is stipulated.
• This results in a vertical linkages being made between the
planning levels and a horizontal linkages between the
various technical and partially integrative processes.

• Rules
– The set of rules for the participation of those people
affected by planning and their representation at higher
levels of planning are manifested.
– Mechanisms for settling conflicts of interests are agreed
on.
 Stages of Land Use Plan:

• rational and judicious approach of allocating available

land resources to different land using activities, (e.g.
agricultural, residential, industrial) and for different
functions consistent with the overall development
vision/goal of a particular locality.
• detailed process of determining the location and area of
land required for the implementation of social and
economic development, policies, plans, programs and
projects.
• based on consideration of physical planning standards,
development vision, goals and objective, analysis of actual
and potential physical conditions of land and development
constraints and opportunities.
• is an interactive process based on the dialogue amongst all
stakeholders aiming at the negotiation and decision for a
sustainable form of land use in rural areas as well as
initiating and monitoring its implementation.
Life Cycle of Land Use Plan

Studies and analysis that provide information and data:

• Compilation of physiographic data

• Mapping the urban setting, preferably with the use of
Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Land use survey, vacant land survey, aesthetic features
survey, and land value studies.
• Structural and environmental quality survey
• Cost–benefit studies of land use
• Studies of public attitudes and preferences regarding
land use

Disaster studies, risk assessment consisting of hazards

evaluation, mapping, vulnerability and capacity
assessments, and risk mapping also provide analysis for
decision-making and recommendations.
Land use planning objectives:
1. To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition
and disposition of land and ensure the highest and
best use of land;
2. To direct, harmonize and influence discussions
and activities of the private and public sectors
relative to the use and management of land;
3. To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals
between and among individuals, private and
government entities relative to the present and future
need for land;
4. To promote desirable patterns of land uses to
prevent wasteful development and minimize the cost
of public infrastructure and utilities and other social
services;
5. To conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic,
historical and cultural significance.
CLUP provides the prerequisites for achieving
a sustainable form of land use which is
acceptable as far as:
- the social and environmental contexts are
concerned and is desired by the society
while
- making sound economic sense.
The basic elements of the land use plan:

1. Statement of broad goals and local objectives. The

objectives may have corresponding objectively
verifiable indicators useful in the monitoring
and evaluation stage
2. Discussion and analysis of existing trends in the
use of and the avoidance of non-use, misuse,
and abuse of land
3. A presentation of future land use requirements
and scenarios, including a statement of the
principles to be followed and the assumptions to
be made
4. A description of the land use plan forming the
alternatives presented (A land use map usually
accompanies the document)
5. The identification of proposals involved and the
policies implied in each
CLUP is an instrument of the technical co-
operation used in the following types of projects:
1. resources management (forestry, production
systems compatible with resources and agro-
forestry, pasture management, nature protection
and erosion control)
2. rural regional development
3. community support and village development
4. government consultation (environmental
strategy planning, agricultural sector planning,
development planning, assessment of land
potential)
The need for interventions at local level by
external organisations can have various
reasons:
– due to the planning objectives at higher
level, some areas are selected as pilot
areas;
– an increase of environmental
destruction is to be counteracted;
– land use conflicts are to be settled;
– directives for land use in respect of
higher level planning interests are to be
forced
Prerequisites for land use planning

- How to deal with those conditions in a

LUP process as well as the limits for LUP
intervention.
- One important condition for
implementing planned agreements is the
existence of a clearly defined need and, in
conjunction with this, of clear objectives
shared by all participants and involved
parties resulting from negotiation
processes.
 Determining the unit of planning
• What is an adequate unit for the project
area in which land use planning is carried
out:
– a watershed area,
– a community territory,
– an administrative unit
– or some other geographical unit?

• There is no simple rule, and the final

decision will always depend on the actual
situation.
•
The CLUP is primarily a guide for the
management by the LGU of its entire territorial
jurisdiction. Zoning, in turn is the guide to the
proper location of activities in space.

The zoning ordinance therefore has been singled

out in the Code as the principal instrument for
implementing the CLUP.

Planning Area- is defined by the

cities’/municipalities’ political boundaries. This
includes all component barangays and the
city/municipal waters extending 3 kilometers
from shoreline for coastal LGUs. Thus, the CLUP
shall cover both land and water resources of the
city/municipality.
Planning Period - the CLUP covers a planning
period of 10 years at the minimum. It may be
reviewed every 3 years coinciding with the term
of the Mayor and other locally elected officials,
for their appreciation and for continuity of plan
implementation. Such review will also provide an
opportunity for the incumbent or incoming Mayor
and local officials to harmonize the new
administration’s development agenda with the
approved CLUP and to use the CLUP as basis for
budget preparation and fund sourcing initiatives.
The review shall be without prejudice to a yearly
review of the various programs and projects
identified in the plan, to ensure attainment of the
development vision/goals/objectives.
Rationale for the Formulation/Revision of a
Comprehensive Land Use Plan:
1. To achieve an improved quality of life;
2. To guide the orderly development of a city/municipality to promote
the health, safety, welfare and convenience of the population;
3. To promote sustainable development;
4. To preserve special natural features and environmentally critical
areas;
5. To translate socio-economic policies into physical policies and plans;
6. To comply with the requirements of Article 41 of the Implementing
Rules and Regulations of the Local Government Code of 1991
(Sec. 0, RA 7160);
7. To provide guidelines for the appropriate use of natural resources;
8. To allocate land for settlements, industries and other urban uses on
land least suitable for agricultural and farming uses;
9. To serve as basis for reclassifying and converting land;
10. To reflect changes in the physical, social and economic
characteristics of the community; and
11. To incorporate changes in the goals and objectives of the
community
Approaches to CLUP Formulation
It is recommended that LGUs adopt a combined bottom-up
and top to bottom approach in preparing the CLUP as
presented below:

Integration of Barangay Development Plans (Bottom-Up

Approach)
Under the Local Government Code of 1991, the Local
Development Councils, in the case of barangay, the
Barangay Development Councils are tasked to Barangay
Development Plans to be submitted to the Sangguniang
Barangay for review and approval. Thus, integration of
Barangay Development Plans into the city or municipal
plan is one methodology which the LGUs can adopt in the
formulation of the CLUP. The integration aims to
harmonize development goals and objectives of all
barangays in cities or municipalities. It also identifies and
reconciles inconsistencies and incompatibilities in land use
proposals among adjacent barangays.
Top to Bottom Approach

In the absence of barangay and municipal

development plans, the local planners adopt
the top to bottom approach to planning. In
this case, the Provincial Land Use
Plan/Physical Framework Plan (PPFP), if
available, may serve as basis and framework
for the formulation and updating of the CLUP
without precluding consultation with
component LGUS.
 In the absence of a Provincial Land Use Plan
(PPFP), other higher level plans may serve as
bases for the formulation, such as:
 the Medium-Term Development Plan,
 Regional Physical Framework Plan,
 metropolitan or other cluster area

development plans (i.e. MIMAROPA,

CALABARZON, etc.).
 Likewise, detailed area-specific plans such
as: coastal management plans,
 waste management plans,
 forest land use plans,
 heritage preservation plans, etc. shall be
considered and integrated in the course of
the preparation of the CLUP if such plans
have already been prepared/approved. The
incorporation of such plans shall be subject
to review and harmonization with the
city/municipal vision, goals and objectives.
Four major land use components of the Land Use
Policy Guidelines which form the National Framework
for Physical Planning, namely:

1. Settlements - land uses and physical resources

involving some degree of urban or rural
concentration and their associated demand and
supply requirements
2. Production - focused on economic production f
rom the extractive to the modern service sectors.
3. Protection - resources that need to be protected,
conserved, rehabilitated, including areas that
require prevention and mitigation of disasters.
4. Infrastructure - deals with capital investments that
support spatial integration, production
efficiency and social service delivery.
 Linkage of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan to
the Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) and
other Plans

• 1. The national, regional and provincial physical

framework plans are policy oriented and
indicative in nature, where different land use
categories such as forest lands and
agricultural lands are categorized into
protection and production land uses.
• 2. The broad allocation of land uses in the level
of physical framework plans is treated in
detail in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan.
The goals and objectives of the framework
plans are considered in the formulation of the
CLUPs.
3. The local plans shall have the following relationships to the
other plans existing in the country:

a. Provincial plans shall promote the goals and objectives

provided for in the national and regional plan and shall
provide the guidelines for the preparation of city and municipal
plans.

b. The city and municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plans shall be

consistent with and supportive of the goals and
objectives in the provincial plan and shall provide the
guidelines for the development of plans for parts of the city
or municipality such as the barangay.

c. The barangay plan and other area specific plans, such as

heritage area plan, ancestral domain plan etc., shall be
consistent with the vision, planning goals and objectives set
forth in the city or municipal plan of which it forms part and
shall furthermore, provide the guide to plans of smaller
scale such as neighborhood or community.
PHILIPPINE AGENDA 21 HAS FIVE GOALS:
1. Poverty Reduction
2. Social Equity
3. Empowerment and Good Governance
4. Peace and Solidarity
5. Ecological Integrity
 Effects of Urbanisation:

1. Change in
a. urban density
b. administration service

2. It involves changes in the economic, social

and political structures of a region.
3. Rapid urbanisation is responsible for many
environmental and social changes in the
urban environment and its effects are
strongly related to global change issues.

4. The rapid growth of cities strains their

capacity to provide services such as energy,
education, health care, transportation,
sanitation and physical security.
Limitations imposed by zoning ordinances:
1. Land Use Plan or map
2. Height Restriction
3. Others:
a. HLURB minimum standards, rules &
regulations
b. Minimum open space per lot imposed
by the Building Code

Zoning Innovations:
1. Planned Unit Development (PUD)
2. Industrial Performance Standards
Controls in Land Use Allocation:
1. Market Controlled
a. Most urgently needed use
b. Most profitable use
c. Greatest economic return

2. Government Controlled
a. Zoning ordinances
b. Land Use Plan
c. Building Codes

3. Privately Controlled
a. Deed of restrictions
b. Subdivision homeowner’s regulation
 4. Environmental Controls
a. Water quality
b. Historical preservation
c. Waste handling
d. Air quality
e. Wildlife protection
f. Noise levels

Problems of Urbanization:
a. Rise in criminality
b. Deterioration of housing quality
c. Deterioration of Basic Services
•
 Causes of Urban Problems:
a. Overpopulation
b. Rapid rate of urbanization
c. Increasing disparity of income
d. Socio-political impacts of the above
to residents

Suggested solutions to urban problems:

a. Redevelopment
b. New Town Development
•