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Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Fourier Coefficients
ao
f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
c 2
1
Where ao
f ( x)dx
c
c 2
1
an
f ( x) cos nxdx for n 0
c
c 2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx for n 1
c
1.1 Determine the Fourier series for the function
f ( x) x of period 2 in 0 x 2
2
Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
ao
f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
Where
c 2
1
ao
c
f ( x ) dx
2
1
2
1 x 3
8 2
x dx
3
2
3
0
0
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
cos nxdx
2
x
0
2
2 sin nx
1 cos nx sin nx
x 2 x 2 2 3
n n n 0
4
an
n2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2
1
bn x
2
sin nxdx
0
2
4
bn
n
4 2 4
4
f ( x) 2 cos nx sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n
1.2. Express f ( x) ( x) 2 as a Fourier Series in 0 x 2 and deduce the sum of
1 1 1 1 1
(i) 2 (ii) 2 2 2 2 ......
n 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
(iii ) 2 2 2 ...... (iv) 4
1 3 5 n
Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
ao
f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
Where
c 2
1
ao
c
f ( x ) dx
2
1
2
1 ( x ) 3
2 2
ao ( x) dx
2
3
0
3
0
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
2
( x ) cos nxdx
0
2
4
an
n2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2
1
( x) 2 sin nxdx
0
2
bn 0
Hence the obtained Fourier Series is
2
4
f ( x) 2 cos nx
3 n 1 n
1 2
(i) To deduce 2
n 1 n 6
Put x 0 is a point of discontunity at the end
f(0) f(2 )
f(x)
2
( 0) 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 2
f ( x) 2
2 2
sub f(x) & x 0 in eqn(2)
2
4
2
3 n 1 n2
2
1
2
4
3 n 1 n2
1 2
n 1 n 2
6
(3)
1 1 1 1
To deduce 2
2
2
2
......
1 2 3 4
put x , is a point of contunity
f(x) f( ) ( - ) 2 0
2 cos n
( 2) 0 4 2
3 n 1 n
2 cos n
4 2
3 n 1 n
2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ....
12 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 2
2
2 2 2 .... ( 4)
1 2 3 4 12
1 1 1 2
To deduce 2 2 2 .....
1 3 5 8
Adding eqns (3) & (4), we get
1 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 .....
1 3 5 6 12
1 1 1 3 2
2 2 2 2 .....
1 3 5 12
1 1 1 2
2
2 2 .....
1 3 5 8
1
To find 4
n 1 n
By Parseval' s Identity
2
1 a0
2
0 f ( x) dx (a n 2 b n 2 )
2
2 n 1
2
2 2
1
2
0
2 2
( x) dx 3
2
4
n4
n 1
1 4
n 4 90
n 1
1.3. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) xsinx for 0 x 2
1 1 1 1 -2
and deduce the result ....
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9 4
Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
ao
f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
Where
c 2
1
ao
c
f ( x ) dx
2
1
ao
0
x sin xdx
1
x( cos x) (1)( sin x)02
1
x cos x sin x 02
1
a0 2 cos 2 sin 2 0
1
a0 (2 ) 2
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
x sin x cos nxdx
0
2
1
x cos nx sin xdx
0
2
1
2 xsin(n 1) x sin(n 1) xdx
0
2 2
1 1
2 0 x sin( n 1) xdx
2 x sin(n 1) xdx
0
2
1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x
an x (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x
x (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 cos(n 1) x sin( n 1) x
an x
2 n 1 (n 1) 0
2
2
1 cos(n 1) x sin( n 1) x
2 x n 1
( n 1) 2
0
1 cos( n 1)2 sin( n 1)2
an
2 2 n 1
(n 1) 2
0
1 cos( n 1)2 sin( n 1)2
2 0
2 n 1 (n 1) 2
1 2 1 2
an 0 0
2 n 1 2 n 1
- n 1 n 1 2
2 2 ,n 1
n 1
2 2
n 1
2
1
a1
f ( x) cos x dx
0
2 2
1 1
a1 x sin x cos x dx x sin 2 x dx
0 2 0
2
1 cos 2 x sin( 2) x
a1 x (1)
2 2 4 0
2
1 cos 2 x sin 2 x
x 2 4
2 0
1 2 1
a1
2 2 2
2
1
bn
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx
2
1
x sin x sin nxdx
0
2
1
x sin nx sin xdx
0
2
1
2 xcos(n 1) x cos(n 1) xdx
0
2 2
1 1
2 0 x cos( n 1) xdx
2 x cos(n 1) xdx
0
2
1 sin(n 1) x cos(n 1) x
bn x (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 sin(n 1) x cos(n 1) x
x (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 sin( n 1) x cos( n 1) x
bn x
2 n 1 (n 1) 0 2
2
1 sin( n 1) x cos( n 1) x
x
2 n 1 (n 1) 0
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
bn
2 ( n 1) 2
( n 1) 2
2 ( n 1) 2
( n 1) 2
0, n 1
1 2
b1
f ( x) sin x dx
0
2 2
1 1
b1 x sin x sin x dx
2
x sin x dx
0 0
2 2
1 1
2 x(1 cos 2 x) dx 2 ( x x cos 2 x) dx
0 0
2 2
1 1
2 x dx
2 x cos 2 x dx
0 0
2 2
1 x 1 sin 2 x
2
cos 2 x
b1 x (1)
2 2 0 2 2 4 0
1 4 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 4
b1
Hence the obtained Fourier Series is
a0
f ( x) a1 cos x a n cos nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
2 n2 n2
2 1 2
f ( x) cos x 2 cos nx sin x (0) sin nx
2 2 n 2 ( n 1) n2
1 1
f ( x) 1 cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x
2 n 2 ( n 1)
Deduction :
put x , is a point of continuity
2
f(x) at sin
2 2 2 2
Substituting the value in the obtained Fourier series,
we get
1
1
1 cos 2 2 cos n sin
2 2 2 n 2 ( n 1) 2 2
1
1 2 2
cos n
2 n 2 ( n 1) 2
2
1
2 2 cos n
2 n 2 ( n 1) 2
1 2
(n 1)(n 1)
cos n
2
4
n2
1 1 1 2
( 1) (0) (1) .....
1.3 2.4 3.5 4
1 1 1 2
( 1) .....
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
1 1 1 2
.....
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
1.5 Determine the Fourier series for the function
f ( x) x 2
in - x and deduce the sum of
1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(i) 2 (ii) 2 2 2 2 ......
n 1 n 6 1 2 3 4 12
1 1 1 2
(iii ) 2 2 2 ......
1 3 5 8
Soln :
Given f ( x) x 2 , f(-x) (-x)2 f ( x)
Therefore the given function f ( x) is an evenfunction in (- ,
Hence b n 0
Let the required Fourier seriees be
ao
f ( x) a n cos nx
2 n 1
Where
2
ao f ( x ) dx
0
2 x
3
2 2 2
dx
2
x
3
0
3 0
2
an
0
f ( x) cos nx dx
2
cos nxdx
2
x
0
2 sin nx
2 cos nx sin nx
x 2 x 2
2 3
n n n 0
2 cos n
2
n2
4
a n 2 (1) n
n
Hence the obtained Fourier Series is
2
4
f ( x) 2
( 1) n
cos nx (1)
3 n 1 n
1 2
(i) To deduce 2
n 1 n 6
2
1
2
4 2
3 n 1 n
1 2
n2 6 ( 2)
n 1
1 1 1 1 2
(ii)To deduce 2 2 2 2 ......
1 2 3 4 12
put x 0, is a point of contunity
f(x) f(0) 0
2
cos n
(1) 0 4 2
3 n 1 n
2
(1) n
4 2
3 n 1 n
2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ....
12 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 2
2
2 2 2 .... (3)
1 2 3 4 12
Adding eqns (2) & (3), we get
1 1 1 2
2
2 2 2 2 .....
1 3 5 6 12
1 1 1 3 2
2 2 2 2 .....
1 3 5 12
1 1 1 2
2
2 2 .....
1 3 5 8
1.6