SENSE RELATION

BETWEEN
SENTENCES
 1. Analytic sentences
2. Synthetic sentences

WHAT TO 3. Contradictory sentences

COVER? 4. Entailment
5. Paraphrase
6. Ambiguous sentences
 An ANALYTIC sentence is one that is
ANALYTI necessarily TRUE, as a result of the
senses of the words in it. An analytic
C sentence, therefore, reflects a tacit
SENTENC (unspoken) agreement by speakers of the
language about the senses of the words in
E VERSUS it.
SYNTHETI
C A SYNTHETIC sentence is one which is
SENTENC NOT analytic, but may be either true or
false, depending on the way the world is.
E
EXAMPLES
PRACTICE 1
PRACTICE 2
 A CONTRADICTION is a sentence
CONTRADI that is necessarily FALSE, as a result
CTORY of the senses of the words in it. Thus
SENTENCE a contradiction is in a way the
opposite of an analytic sentence.
EXAMPLE
PRACTICE
NOTES
Analytic sentences can be formed from contradictions, and vice
versa, by the insertion or removal, as appropriate, of the negative
particle word not.
We pay no attention here to the figurative use of both analytic
sentences and contradictions.
Ex: That man is not a human being – That man is cruel.
Imperative and interrogative sentences cannot be true or false,
and so they cannot be analytic (because they cannot be true), or
synthetic, because ‘synthetic’ only makes sense in contrast to the
notion ‘analytic’.
 A sentence which expresses the same
proposition as another sentence is a
PARAPHRASE of that sentence
(assuming the same referents for any
referring expressions involved).
PARAPHR
ASE
Paraphrase is to SENTENCES as
SYNONYMY is to PREDICATES.
EXAMPLE
Bachelors prefer redhaired girls
is a paraphrase of
Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men
SYNONYMY => PARAPHRASE
HYPONYMY => ENTAILMENT
 A proposition X ENTAILS a
proposition Y if the truth of Y
follows necessarily from the truth
of X.
ENTAILM
ENT A sentence expressing proposition
X entails a sentence expressing
proposition Y if the truth of Y
follows necessarily from the truth
of X.
EXAMPLE
PRACTICE
NOTE
Entailment applies cumulatively. Thus if X entails Y and
Y entails Z, then X entails Z.
NOTE
Two sentences may be said to be
PARAPHRASES of each other if and only
if they have exactly the same set of
ENTAILMENTS; or, which comes to the
same thing, if and only if they mutually
entail each other so that whenever one is
true the other must also be true.
Ambiguous words
Ambiguous sentences
AMBIGUOUS WORDS
WHY STATEMENT B IS
CORRECT?
WHY STATEMENT B IS
CORRECT?