Design and

Installation of
Heating, Ventilating
and Air Conditioning
Systems
SAES-K-100
SCOPE
• SAES-K-100 Standard defines the minimum
mandatory requirements governing the design and
installation of Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems for all Saudi Aramco
buildings and facilities.
• This Standard defines the minimum mandatory
energy efficiency requirements governing Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems
for all Saudi Aramco buildings and facilities.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
• The 2.5% exceedance temperature values given in SAES-A-112; shall be used as
the minimum ambient design criteria for HVAC system design, equipment
selection and equipment specification purposes for the geographic areas listed for
all Saudi Aramco facilities.

Note: Design data for locations, not listed in SAES-A-112 shall be determined by the Project Team with the concurrence of the
Environmental Protection Department.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
• The 1% exceedance values or other stricter design criteria shall only be used for
facilities with unusually stringent environmental control requirements and with the
concurrence of the HVAC Standards Committee Chairman.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
•Cooling loads for all HVAC Systems shall be calculated by using the following:
a) Summer Design Dry Bulb (SDDB) temperature, as listed in
SAES-A-112.
b) Mean Coincident Wet Bulb (MCWB) temperature, as listed in
SAES-A-112.
The supply air flow requirements shall be determined by using the aforementioned
Temperature,
SDDB andDry Bulb: The
MCWB temperature of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate
temperatures.
thermometer after correction for radiation.
Temperature, Wet Bulb: Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is the temperature at which liquid or sold
water, by evaporating into air, can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
• For HVAC systems of 5 Tons and larger: In addition to the
calculations performed in paragraph above, the Cooling Load shall also
be calculated at the Summer Design Wet Bulb (SDWB) and the Mean
Coincident Dry Bulb (MCDB) temperatures.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
Climatic Conditions - Selection of HVAC Units
Selection of the air cooled outdoor unit shall be based on the
following:
1. The SDDB temperature at 1% exceedance + 10°F for facilities
located within plant areas.
2. The SDDB temperature at 1% exceedance + 5°F for facilities
located in other than plant areas.

SDDB Temperature = 111 ºF + 10 ºF = 121 ºF (within plant areas)

SDDB Temperature = 111 ºF + 5 ºF = 116 ºF (other plant areas)
Rated cooling capacity of the selected HVAC unit shall meet cooling capacity at
each condition
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
Climatic Conditions - Wind
The prevailing wind direction in the eastern province is 15 degrees
West of North. For all other areas refer to SAES-A-112.

A wind velocity of 24 kilometers per hour (15 mph) shall be used

for outdoor air film resistance calculations for both summer and
winter conditions.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
Indoor Design Conditions
• Table-1 contains the minimum indoor conditions to be used for the design of
HVAC systems in selected Saudi Aramco owned and/or operated facilities.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
Indoor Design Conditions
• Design conditions for occupancies other than those listed in
Table 1 shall comply with the recommendations of the ASHRAE
Handbooks; ASHRAE STD 55; applicable health and safety
codes and equipment manufacturers' requirements, prior
concurrence of the HVAC Standards Committee Chairman is
required for these different occupancies.
• HVAC systems shall be capable of maintaining dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity (if applicable) within the
performance range given in Table 1 unless stricter indoor design
conditions are required.
Design Basis
Environmental Conditions
Ambient Air Quality
• HVAC Systems shall be designed for the ambient air quality
defined in SAES-A-102, Ambient Air Quality and Source
Emission Standard.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• HVAC load calculations
shall be in accordance
with ASHRAE
Handbook methods.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Values for exposed walls, roofs,
floors, partition walls, doors,
fenestrations and windows shall
comply with IECC requirements.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Design software used to perform
HVAC load calculations shall be
as per the ASHRAE method.
Upon request, documentation
from the originator confirming
this shall be provided.
 Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Loading factors for people, equipment and lighting
shall be considered in the cooling load calculations.
• The HVAC load calculations shall include an overall
excess capacity safety factor in the range of 5%-
10%, due to safety factors or reserve capacity
requirements.
• Residential HVAC load calculation method shall
only be used for residential applications.
 Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Overall building cooling and
heating loads shall be
calculated. Zoning, exposure,
and building mass shall be
considered in heating and
cooling load calculations.
• Each zone, room and portion
of a room with a different
load profile, orientation or
sensible load shall be
calculated.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• A separate block
load for each air
handling system
shall be calculated.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Outdoor air intake for ventilation
purposes shall be the lowest
volume necessary to maintain
adequate indoor air quality as per
ASHRAE 62.1.
• Sources of pollutants within the
conditioned space shall be
minimized or eliminated if
possible in order to minimize the
outside air intake required for
dilution.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• Lighting, people and equipment loads shall be based on one or
more of the following sources:
a) Actual information based on the intended use of the building.
b) Published data from manufacturer’s technical publication.
c) Technical society publication such as ASHREA Handbook.

Justification of method(s) used shall be submitted to HVAC

Standards Committee for review and approvals.
Design Basis
Load Calculations
General Requirements
• HVAC units re-circulating or recycling indoor air within a room
(such as through the wall window units, fan coil units or mini-
split direct expansion units) shall not be used within the following
facilities, unless prior written approval has been obtained from
the HVAC Standards Committee:
 Communication rooms, e.g., TER; TR or Computer Rooms.
 Battery / UPS rooms
 Rooms that house equipment or devices emitting fumes or
gases.
 Design Basis
Load Calculations
Cooling Loads
• During load calculations all
sensible and latent heat sources
shall be considered.
• Sensible cooling load shall be
calculated for building envelope,
people, lights, equipment and for
outside air that is introduced into
the system by air make-up or by
infiltration.
• Latent cooling load shall be
calculated for people, outside air
and any process in which
moisture is given up to the air.
 Design Basis
Load Calculations
Psychometric Charts
• A psychrometric analysis and chart shall
be provided for the air-side with the
cooling/heating load calculations. This
analysis shall include, but not
necessarily be limited to:
• a) mixing temperature of outside and return air
streams
• b) entering air condition at coil
• c) leaving air condition at coil
• d) room design conditions
• e) outside design condition
• f) entering air enthalpy at coil
• g) leaving air enthalpy at coil
Design Basis
System Considerations
Zoning
• In buildings which have separate
interior and perimeter rooms, each
room or group of rooms with a
distinctive load profile shall have
individual temperature control.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Air System Design
• Air Distribution Systems shall be designed in
accordance with ASHRAE Fundamentals
Handbook, Duct Design section.
• Air outlets and inlets shall be shown on
Reflected Ceiling plans and HVAC drawings
and indicated in schedules. Manufacturer's
standard diffusers, registers and grilles shall be
used. SAND TRAP
• Fresh air intakes shall be designed and located to LOUVER
minimize intrusion of contaminants and dust.
 Design Basis
System Considerations
Air System Design
• Return air shall be drawn through the ceiling plenum,
whenever practical.
• In all HVAC systems the return air and fresh air shall
be ducted to the air handling unit within the A/C
equipment room.
• The A/C Equipment Room shall not be used as a
return or fresh air plenum.
• When ceiling is used as a return air plenum, pressure
differentials across fire walls in ceiling space
plenums shall not be more than 0.01 inch (2.5 Pa)
• Maintain a minimum of 3 feet staright duct length
upstream and downstream of VAV/CAV box.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Air System Design
• Inlet duct to VAV/CAV box shall be
round and same size as the box inlet.
• Electric Duct heater (EDH) shall be
installed downstream of VAV/CAV box
as per manufacturer recommendation.
• Control Panel of VAV/CAV box shall be
readily accessible, with no obstruction.
VAV (Variable Air Volume): Operates on the principal of constant supply air temperature at varying
supply airflow rate.

CAV (Constant Air Volume): The supply air flow rate is constant, but the supply air temperature is varied
to meet the thermal loads of a space.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Cooling Source
• Selection of HVAC system shall be based
on Life Cycle Costing Analysis (LCC).
• If chilled water from an existing central
plant is available in sufficient quantities
and in close proximity, it shall be
considered the first choice for a cooling
source.
 Design parameters for new chilled water
system tapped and connected to existing
central chilled water system shall be same
as that of the existing system.
 Design Basis
System Considerations
Control Systems
• Electric resistance heaters shall include all safety features such as airflow
switches, automatic reset thermal cut-off, and manual reset thermal cut-off.
• All Building Management Systems (BMSs) shall be BAC net compatible as
per SAES-K-011.
• Zone thermostatic controls when used to control both heating and cooling
shall be capable of providing a temperature range or dead band of at least 5ºF
within which the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off
or reduced to a minimum.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Control Systems
• HVAC system shall be equipped with at least one of the following:
I. Controls that:
a. can start and stop the system under different time schedules for
seven different day-types per week,
b. are capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss
of power for a period of at least 10 hours and
c. include an accessible manual override, or equivalent function, that
allows temporary operation of the system for up to two hours.
II. An occupant sensor for each zone that shall be capable to set the
VAV (or HVAC unit) to a minimum setting or the thermostat to a
higher temperature when no occupant is sensed for a period of up to
30 minutes.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Control Systems
• Each isolation zone shall be controlled independently by an
automatic shutdown device.
• Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems, vents, and ventilators shall be
equipped with motorized dampers interlocked with the AHU that will
automatically shut down when the system or spaces served are not in
use.
• Ventilation outdoor air dampers shall be capable of automatically
shutting off during pre-occupancy building warm-up, cool down, and
setback.
• Fans with motors greater than ¾ HP (0.5 kW) shall have automatic
controls capable of shutting off fans when not required.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Control Systems
• Systems with design outdoor air requirements greater than 3,000
cfm serving areas having an average design occupancy density
exceeding 100 people per 1000 ft² shall include means to
automatically reduce outdoor air intake below design rates when
spaces are partially occupied. Ventilation controls shall be in
compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.1, 2010.
• 7 day Programmable thermostats shall be used in residential buildings
to optimize power consumption of HVAC system.
• Fan Power Limitations and Motor Nameplate Horsepower for HVAC
systems shall comply with the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1, 2010.
• For partial fan motor load, Variable Air Volume (VAV) shall be driven
by variable-speed drive.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Control Systems
• Static pressure sensors used to
control variable air drive fans shall
be placed in a position such that the
controller set point is no greater
than one-third of the total design
fan static pressure. If this result in
the sensor being located
downstream of major duct splits,
the static pressure sensor shall be
located at the farthest main branch
with the greatest number of fittings.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Pressure Measurement
Pressure gauges or combination pressure/temperature insertion plugs, such as Pete's
Plug, shall be installed on water coils, at the following locations:
• On the supply pipe, down-stream of the isolation valve, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• On the return pipe, up-stream of the isolation valve, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• On the suction and discharge branch piping of chilled water pumps.
Design Basis
System Considerations
Temperature Measurement
Thermometer wells or combination pressure/temperature insertion plugs, such as Pete's Plug,
shall be installed at the following locations:
• On the supply pipe of a water coil down-stream of the isolation valve (Figures 1 and 2).
• On the return pipe of a water coil up-stream of the isolation valve (Figures 1 and 2).
Design Basis
System Considerations
Humidity Control
To provide humidity control the following is
required:
1) Water blow-down for all humidifiers.
This is to minimize solids build up in
the humidifier.
2) Duct humidistat with high-limit setting
capability. This is so as to limit
moisture carry over and condensation
in the duct.
3) Under normal operation the humidifier
shall be controlled by a return air or
space humidistat sensor.
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