Chapter 05 (Additional Analysis Techniques)

Electric Circuits
Chapter 5
Additional Analysis Techniques
Eng. Mahra Al Ali

Electromechanical Engineering Technology Department
Abu-Dhabi Polytechnic
Course Learning Objective
CLO 5
Solve DC circuits using the Source
Transformation, Superposition, Thevenin’s,
Norton’s, and Maximum Power Transfer
methods. [SO1]
2
Linearity
 Using this property, we can determine the voltage or
current somewhere in a network by assuming a specific
value for the variable and then determining what source
value is required to produce it.
 The ratio of the specified source value to that computed

from the assumed value of the variable, together with the
assumed value of the variable, can be used to obtain the
right solution.
3
Example 5-01 (I5.1)
Use linearity and the assumption that Vo = 1V to find the actual value of Vo.
4
Example 5-01 (I5.1)
Use linearity and the assumption that Vo = 1V to find the actual value of Vo.
3V +2V
3 mA 1 mA
4 mA
 IS = 4 mA
Vo = 1V  IS = 4 mA
Vo = ?  IS = 12 mA
 Vo = = 3 V 5
Example 5-02 (I5.4)
Use linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA to find the actual value of Io.
If Is= 4mA
6
Example 5-02 (I5.4)
Use linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA to find the actual value of Io.
2.5 mA
16 V
+ 10 V  +
1 mA 1.5 mA 6V

3.5 mA
 IS = 3.5 mA
Io = 1 mA  IS = 3.5 mA
Io = ?  IS = 4 mA
 Io = mA 7
Superposition
 This is a linear property and does not apply to nonlinear functions
such as power.
 It is useful in linear networks containing multiple independent
sources.
 The principle of superposition allows us to compute any current or
voltage in the network as the algebraic sum of the individual
contributions of each source acting alone.
 This principle provides us with the ability to reduce a complicated
problem to several easier problems (each containing only a single
independent source).
 Any voltage source is turned off by replacing it with a short circuit.
 Any current source is turned off by replacing it with an open circuit.
 Superposition can be applied to dependent sources, but it is not useful
since dependent sources is never made to be zero. 8
Example 5-03 (I5.6)
Use superposition to find the value of Io.
9
Example 5-03 (I5.6)
I3k = 2  = 0.8 mA
0.8 mA
Io1 = 0.8  = 0.6 mA
10
Example 5-03 (I5.6)
Use superposition to find the value of Io. + + = 0
 E = 1.2 V
E
Io2 = = = 0.6 mA
Io = Io1 + Io2 = 0.6 + 0.6
 Io = 1.2 mA 11
Example 5-04 (I5.15)
Use superposition to find the value of Vo.
12
+ + = 0 E = 4.8 V
 Vo1 =  = 2.4 V 13
3.6 mA
Io2 = 6  = 3.6 mA
Vo = Vo1 + Vo2 = 2.4 + 21.6
 Vo2 = 0.0036  6000 = 21.6 V  Vo = 19.2 V 14

15
 Io1 = =  mA
16
 Io2 = 0 A
17
0.006 + + = 0  Io3 = = 4 mA
 E = 12 V 18
Io = Io1 + Io2 + Io3 =  + 0 + 4
 Io = mA 19
Thévenin
 This theorem requires replacing some portion of a network at a pair of
terminals with a voltage source VOC in series with a resistor RTh.
 VOC is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals.
 RTh is the Thévenin equivalent resistance obtained by looking into the

terminals with all independent sources made zero.
 For circuit containing only Independent sources, both VOC and RTh are
found.
 For circuits containing only dependent sources, there is no VOC, and
the Thévenin equivalent circuit is only RTh. This can be done by
finding both the voltage and current between the terminals and then
apply ohms law.
 For circuits containing both independent and dependent sources VOC
20
and RTh are found taking into consideration to keep the dependent
Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.
21
2000I + 6 + 4000I = 0  E = 4 V
 I = 1 mA Voc = 4 + 12
E = 0.001  4000  Voc = 8 V
22
V Th =
o =R8 k
 Vo = 4.8 V
23
Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.
V1 V2
24
V1 V2
VOC = 0.004
6  +E ==6
0 + 6 Solving  &  + 0.002 = 0
 Io = 0 A
 V =0 V = 4 V There isV  need

no V2 = to6find
V R
2V1  V2 OC= 2 1  1 + V 2 = 2 Th 
since it is not going to affect 25
the value of Io.
V1
26
V2
V1 V3
V3 1+VV
V 1 3==12
12   0.004 + = 0
+ + = 0
2V1 + 3V2  V3 = 8 
27
3V  3V + V = 0 
V2
V1 V3
V3 1+VV
V 1 3==12
12   0.004 + = 0
Solving ,  & 
+ + = 0
 V1 = 8 V  V2 = V 2V1 +  2 3 =VV
3VV 8 20 V
= =
3 OC 28
3V  3V + V = 0 
V1
RTh = 2 k
29
V2
V1 V3
V3 1+VV
V 1 3==12
12  V = 20   0.004 + = 0
o ,  & 
Solving
+ + = 0 RTh = 2 k
 V1 = 8 V  V2 =Vo V V1 + 
=2V 2 3 =VV
3VV 8 20 V
= =
3 OC 30
3V  3V + V = 0 
V1
V2 V3
V1  V2 = 12  0.002
Io,
VOC =Solving
V2 =3V
V3 =1=&+05

2V2 11
 V3 = 0 
RTh = 2 k
+ +V1 = 07 V  VVOC
 2 == 5 VV
16  V3 = 11 V
V1 + VI3o == 44 mA  31
V1
V2 V3
V1  V2 = 12  0.002
Io,
VOC =Solving
V2 =3V
V3 =1=&+05

2V2 11
 V3 = 0 
RTh = 2 k
+ +V1 = 07 V  VVOC
 2 == 5 VV
16  V3 = 11 V
V1 + VI3o == 44 mA  32
Find the Thévenin’s equivalent for the network shown below.
V1 V2
V1  V2 = 1000 Ix + +  0.001 = 0
RTh = & 
Solving
V1  V2 = 1000
 V1 = 0.8 V 2V1 + V2 = 2V = 0.4 V
2
 RTh = 400 
V1  2V2 = 0  33
Find the Thévenin’s equivalent for the network shown below.
V1 V2
2Ix + + + = 0 Solving  & 

RTh = 5V1  V2 = 0 
+  0.001 = 0  V1 = V
2 + + + = 0
 RTh = k
V1 + 2V2 = 1   V2 = V 34
Ix =
V1 V2
V1 + V2 = 12  V1 + 3V2 = 0 
3 = =
VoIR=Th
x = 0A Solving  & 
2Ix + + = 0
 ISC = 12 mA  V1 = 9 V
2 + + = 0  VRoTh == 0.25
V k
35
 V2 = VOC = 3 V
IxIx= =
V
V11 V22
V1 
2V + V2 = 02000 Ix  = 0 & 
Solving
+  0.003
=Th6 = =
Vo R
+ +
V  V
0.003 + = 0  V1 = V  V2 = V
1 2 = 2000
 V1 = 3 V
VR = =V7 k
o Th
8V  I = = = mA
2V11 +
 3V
V2 2==024   V2 = Voc =sc 6 V 36
V1
V  Solving  & 
V11 ++ VVxx == 66  VRoTh= =16 = Isc = =
++ ++ + 0.004 = 0= 0
 0.004  V1 = 10 V
 RVTho = 2Vk
 Vx = 
VocIsc= =168 V
mA
37
1 V1 V=x 2=V4
2V Vx = 8 V
V1
Vo = 3.75 
VVx x == 3000  0.001
3000[0.001  Isc=] 3 V RTh = V=oc = Vx + V1 
= 3Isc+=0.75
mA
V1 =  1000 =  1000 = 0.75  VVo = V

3000 Isc  (3000 Isc  + =1000
 0.001)
3 + 1000 0 Isc  1000 = 0  Voc = 3.75 V 38
 RTh = 4.75 k
Norton
 This theorem requires replacing some portion of a network at a pair of
terminals with a short circuit Isc in parallel with a resistor RTh.
 Isc is the short-circuit current between the terminals.
 RTh is the Thévenin equivalent resistance obtained by looking into the

terminals with all independent sources made zero.
 For circuit containing only Independent sources, both Isc and RTh are
found.
 For circuits containing only dependent sources, there is no Isc, and the
Thévenin equivalent circuit is only RTh. This can be done by finding
both the voltage and current between the terminals and then apply
ohms law.
39
 For circuits containing both independent and dependent sources I
Use Norton’s theorem to find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.
12 + 6000I1 = 0 Solving  & 

Io =
 I1 = 2 mA  RTh = 3 k  I = 0.5 mA
2
I2  I3 = 0.001  Io= 0.75 mA  I3 = 0.5 mA

40
3000I2 + 3000I3 = 0   Isc = 1.5 mA
Io =,5 & 
Solving
12
3000I
4000I  3000I
+ 6000I  6000I
+ 6000I  6000I
+ 2000I  2000I
3 + 1 2000I23  3 2000I12 + 1 3000I23  2 3000I31 = 0
= 0 = 0
 I1 = 5 mA  I R 6 mA
2 = Th
= k  I = 3 mA
3I3I 1+
13I 4I2I I I ==0.006
1 2 22I2 3+3 9I3 = 0
0  3
 IIo == 5mA
 mA
sc 41
Io = 
2 + 1000I
1000I  + 4Solving
(1000 + = 2+&
Isc0.002)
1000I 
+ 1000I11 = 4000I
1000I 0
1 2 2 2 = 0
 Io = mA
 I1I= +mA  RTh = 1.5 k  I2  =  mA
2I11  I2I
2 = = 0.004
0.004
2 Isc = mA  42
Use Norton’s theorem to find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.
No need to write equations

for the above two loops as
their currents are not
needed to find Isc.
Io = 15  = 6 mA
12
2000I +
+ 6Solving
1000I
+ 
1000I1000I
&  = 20 = 0
1000I
1 2  1RTh =1 k
 Vo = 6 V
I
 I1 3I
= 113mA
+ I22 = 0.006 I2 = Isc
I = 0.012 = 15 mA 43
Use Norton’s theorem to find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.
Ix I= = I  I
x 1 2
V1 V2
Io = 2.4  = mA
V1 + V2 =1000I
12  Ix) RV112=
 2 Solving + +3V1000I 
2 = 10  1000I2 = 0
1 + (1000
1000I2 + 1000I  &= 
Th 2  1000I1 = 0
2 Ix + + = 0 Solving  & 
1000I1 + 2000 (I1  I2)  12 + 1000I1  1000I2 = 0
I2 =0 Vo =
 I1 =I 4.8+ mA V I2 = Isc= 2.4 mA
1  RTh = 1.25kV1 = 9 V
2 + + = 0 4I1  3I2 = 0.012  44
 V2 = Voc = 3 V
Source Transformation
 This technique converts a current source in parallel with a resistor
between two nodes in a network to a voltage source in series with a
resistor between the same two nodes.
 Source transformation is also called source exchange.
 This technique is useful for circuits containing only independent

sources.
 This technique is not as useful as other techniques dealing with

circuits containing dependent sources, and care must be taken not to
transform the part of the circuit that contains the control variable.
45
Use source transformation to find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.
Io = = 0.5 mA
 Vo = 2 V
46
Use source transformation to find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.
6 + 6000Io + 4000Io + 8 = 0
 Io = 0.2 mA
47
Use source transformation to find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.
Vo = 6 
48
 Vo = 3 V
Use source transformation to find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.
Io = 
49
 Io = 375 A
Maximum Power Transfer
 The maximum power transferred to a load happens when the load
resistance is equal to the Thévenin’s resistance of the circuit
delivering the load.
50
Example 5-25 (I5.106)
Find RL to achieve maximum power transfer in the circuit shown below, and
hence find the maximum power transferred.
V1 V2
+ + = 0 VL = = V
1.21 V+ 2V2 = 0 
Solving  & 
 RTh = 1.2 k
3V1  V2 = 12 PL = = = 1.2 mW
max
 RL = 1.2 k V1 = 4.8 V
+ = 0 51
 V2 = Voc = 2.4 V
Example 5-26 (I5.107)
V1 V2
 0.004 + = 0 2V1 + 3V2 = 0 

VL = = V
Solving  & 
 RTh = k
5V1  3V2 = 24 
PL max = = = 3.2mW
V1 = 8 V
+ = 0
 V2 = Voc = V 52
Example 5-27 (I5.111)
4 + + = 0 VL = = 16 V
Voc = E  20 = 12 - 20
 RTh = 6 
 E = 12 V PL max = = = W  V = 32 V
oc
53
Example 5-28 (I5.113)
V
Vxx E
E
0.001 ++ ++ == 00
0.001 21Vx+ +E 5E
7V = 0== 0 = 

Isc = = VL = = 0.7 V
x R Th
Solving
Solving && 
3Vx  EE == 22
3V 
x  I sc = mA
PL max = = =136.1
Vx = 
VRVTh1 == 0.2
W
 k=  V
3.6 E
V
++ =+ 0 = 0
 =RLVoc
 E = =3.61.4
k V 54
Any Question?
55

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Chapter 05 (Additional Analysis Techniques)

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Electric Circuits

Eng. Mahra Al Ali

 The ratio of the specified source value to that computed

Io1 = 0.8  = 0.6 mA

Io = Io1 + Io2 = 0.6 + 0.6

 Vo2 = 0.0036  6000 = 21.6 V  Vo = 19.2 V 14

Io = Io1 + Io2 + Io3 =  + 0 + 4

 VOC is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals.

 RTh is the Thévenin equivalent resistance obtained by looking into the

 V =0 V = 4 V There isV  need

2Ix + + + = 0 Solving  & 

V1 =  1000 =  1000 = 0.75  VVo = V

 Isc is the short-circuit current between the terminals.

 RTh is the Thévenin equivalent resistance obtained by looking into the

12 + 6000I1 = 0 Solving  & 

I2  I3 = 0.001  Io= 0.75 mA  I3 = 0.5 mA

No need to write equations

 Source transformation is also called source exchange.

 This technique is useful for circuits containing only independent

 This technique is not as useful as other techniques dealing with

 0.004 + = 0 2V1 + 3V2 = 0 

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