Chapter 2

Part 1

2
Data Collection

3
What are the different
methods of collecting
data?
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Direct method
• questionnaires
• interviews
• experimentations
2. Indirect method - from written or
electronic records and documents
SAMPLING
Reasons for Drawing a Sample

• Less time consuming than a census

• Less costly to administer than a
census
• Less cumbersome and more practical
to administer than a census of the
targeted population

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Types of Sampling Methods

Samples

Non-Probability Probability Sampling

Sampling
Simple
Random Stratified

Judgement Snowball
Cluster
Systematic
Quota Convenience

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Types of Sampling Methods
• Probability sampling, or random sampling, is
a sampling technique in which
the probability of getting any particular
sample may be calculated.
• Nonprobability sampling does not meet this
criterion and should be used with caution.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience/Accidental sampling
- group is selected at will or researcher uses subjects who
happen to be accessible or who may represent certain
types of characteristics.
Non-Probability Sampling

Judgement/Purposive sampling
- the researcher selects particular elements from the
population that are representative or informative about
the topic of interest.
Non-Probability Sampling

Quota Sampling
- a convenience sample with an effort made to insure a
certain distribution of demographic variables
Non-Probability Sampling

Snowball/Network sampling
- uses social networks to identify populations which are
difficult to find
Probability Sampling

• Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known

probabilities

Probability Samples

Simple
Random Systematic Stratified Cluster

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

 basic sampling method which is a self-
weighting sampling design because all the
elements in a population have an equal
probability or chance of being included in the
sample
Probability Sampling

In selecting a random sample, three

steps are involved:
(1)define the population,
(2)enumerate its elements or units, and
(3)use a random number generator to
select the sample.
Probability Sampling

Random Number Generator:

• Lottery Method
• Use of Table of Random Numbers
5 2 31
Lottery Method

4
 Column
Line
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40
1 35438 83403 88555 04858 34670 24642 81008 92456
2 46301 34711 82182 85634 91542 22369 95682 64675
3 65155 23931 68484 42398 02186 87396 13029 66930
4 27648 01999 31911 52644 86134 64367 76288 54980
5 86027 69207 55179 85891 05884 89259 22054 11631

6 70988 71099 00583 11354 18445 03769 54849 54596

7 95735 94610 83524 71087 78159 56843 74236 50563
8 62956 01369 08681 96930 50070 94109 43185 48829
9 17143 99285 80216 33858 16553 85834 41771 18860
10 50118 12940 28089 01306 16364 51002 57188 60452

11 41681 81308 78079 36009 34158 94886 39920 00763

12 87224 40436 74747 95695 89221 63159 44838 54380
13 75674 82916 17626 52933 91937 07339 32625 33907
14 43371 74245 74930 39459 35854 73238 87940 92653
15 09846 70324 41300 84218 13168 34352 46904 02580
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1 19 8 28 32
Probability Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling

• sampling starts by selecting an
element from the list at random and
then every kth element in the frame is
selected.
Probability Sampling

Example:
 N=500 and n=50, then k=10
 Select a random number from 1 to 10, say i=4.
 Then the systematic sample consists of units
with serial numbers corresponding to 4, 14, 24,
and so on until ending with the number 494.
Probability Sampling

Stratified Sampling
• used when we wish the sample to represent
the various strata (subgroups) of the
population proportionately or to increase the
precision of the estimate
• the population is first divided into mutually
exclusive sub-populations known as strata
List of students
Probability Sampling

Cluster sampling
• When “natural” groupings are evident in the population,
these groupings which are called clusters, may be
randomly selected and all elements from each selected
cluster can be included in the sample (one-stage cluster
sampling), or a sub-selection can be made from within the
selected clusters (two-stage cluster sampling)
List of students
Exercise

Determine what sampling

technique is applied.
Trial...
1. Take a sample of SASE scores by drawing
the top 10 scores. What kind of sampling
technique is this?

Answer:
The top ten scores taken do not constitute a random sample
because it was drawn purposively and thus, the remaining
scores do not have the chance of being selected. The
sampling technique used is convenience sampling.
ASSIGNMENT copyofquestions) (

1. Take a sample of GPA scores by taking every 5th score

in the list. What kind of sampling technique is used?

2. A researcher is studying environmental engineers but

can only find five. She asks these engineers if they know
someone of the same profession. They give her several
further referrals, who in turn provide additional contacts.
In this way, she manages to contact sufficient engineers.
What kind of sampling is employed?
3. A researcher and professor at a University is
interested in studying drinking behaviors among
college students. The professor teaches a sociology
101 class to mostly college freshmen and decides to
use his or her class as the study sample. He or she
passes out surveys during class for the students to
complete and hand in. What kind of sampling is
employed?
4. A researcher is interested in learning more about
students at the top of their class, he or she is going to
sample those students who fall into the "top of the
class" category. What kind of sampling is employed?
5. Let’s say the target population in a study was
Christian church members in the Philippines. There is
no list of all church members in the country. The
researcher could, however, create a list of churches in
the Philippines, choose a sample of churches, and
then obtain lists of members from those churches.
What kind of sampling is employed?