02-Tcp2103-Pre-Programming Tools

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
Chapter 2 : Introduction to
Programming
© Nurkhairizan’07
Objectives
By the end of the lesson, student should
be able to
1. Define what is Programming
Language
2. Describe the evolution of
Programming Language
3. List the advantages of OOP
4. Describe what is OOP
Content
• What is Programming
• What is Programming Language
• A Program (Software)
• Evolution of Computer Program
Content
What is programming
• Computer programming (often
shortened to programming or coding)
is the process of writing, testing,
debugging/troubleshooting, and
maintaining the source code of
computer programs.
Content
Language
What is Programming Language?

• A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for
instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
• The term programming language usually refers
to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C+
+, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
• Each language has a unique set of keywords
(words that it understands) and a special syntax
for organizing program instructions.
Content
A Program (Software)
• Program is a set of instruction that tells
computer what to do.
• The instructions is written in
Programming Language.
A Program (Software)
Software is
– applications
– operating systems and environments
– utilities: compilers, editors...
• all created by human effort
as collections of related programs
using programming languages
Content
• Evolution of Computer
Program
Evolution of Computer
Programming
• The Generations of programming
languages
• Language generations 1,2,3
• High level languages: the evolution of
types of language
Programming
• The Generations of
programming languages
types of language
The Generations of programming

languages
Generations of languages relate to degree of
problem- or human- orientation vs machine
orientation.
These generations are not the same as
the generations of computer architecture.
[from Brookshear Figure 5.1]

Programming
• The Generations of programming
languages
types of language
Language generations 1,2,3

1. machine languages
2. assembly languages
3. high level languages
– FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, LISP
• the biggest differences are in

– execution control structures,
(program control, flow control)
– data control
– modularity
Generations of
programming languages -& computers
programming languages computer architectures
1. machine lang 1. valves 1945
1945
2. assembly lang 1951
3. high level lang 1954 2. transistors 1959
60s 3. Integrated 1964
Circuits
4. 4GLs 70s
4. PCs many high
1981
5. AI based 80s level
6. network-aware 90s languages of
different
types
Content
• Evolution of Computer
Program
High level languages: the

evolution of types of language
Simula-67 Eiffel
[Brookshear Figure 5.2] plus S67 & Eiffel

TCP2103 : INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
Object Oriented Programming

Content
• Programming Approach
• What is OOP?
• What is Object?
• Advantage of OOP
Content
• What is OOP?
• What is Object?
Programming Approach
Content
• What is OOP?
• What is Object?
What is OOP
• Object oriented programming (OOP)
models the real world in terms of
object. A bicycle
• Object examples:
A tiger
A circle
A person
Object Oriented Programming

Content
• What is OOP?
• What is Object?
What is Object?
Objects are key to understanding
object-oriented technology.
Real-world objects share two
characteristics
state
Behavior
Identifying the state and behavior for
real-world objects is a great way to
begin thinking in terms of object-
oriented programming.
Definition
An Object represents an
entity in the real world that
can be distinctly identified
Object state & Behavior
Object : A cat
State : name, color, breed, hungry
Behavior : barking, fetching, wagging tail
Object : A bicycle
State : current gear, current pedal cadence, current speed

Behavior : changing gear, changing pedal cadence, applying brakes
Software Object
Software objects are conceptually similar to
real-world objects:
stores its state in data fields (properties)
exposes its behavior through methods
(functions)
Method is a mechanism for object-to-

object communication
Content
• What is OOP?
• What is Object?
Advantages of OOP
• Flexibility
– flexible interactions
• Modularity
– The source code for an object can be written
and maintained independently of the source
code for other objects.
• Clarity
– More understandable, better organized and
easier to maintain than procedural
programming
• Reusability
– Classes provide the benefit of reusability
The End
QUIZ
• What is Programming Language?
• Give 3 example of High-level Programming
Language.
• What is Object. Give 2 example of object and
list all possible state (properties) and
behavior (method) for the object
• List 4 advantages of Object Oriented
Programming.
Structured Programming
Content
• Advantages of Structured
Programming
• Method of solving problem using
structured programming
Content
Programming
Programming Approach
Content
Programming
What is Structured
Programming(SP)?
• In the world of computer programming,
structured programming is a logical
construct that allows for the efficient
operation of a program. With this in
mind, many programmers understand
structured programming as being one of
the disciplines that make up the overall
process of procedural programming.
Why structured programming?

• Advantages of structured programming
– Standard method for solving a problem
– “Go-to-less”
– Easier to test and debug than straight-line or
modular programs
• Structured walkthroughs
– A single program can be written by more than one
programmer
– Programs can share routines
– Help minimize thrashing
Content
Programming
What Are the Rules for Writing a

Structured Program?
3 basic structures
• Sequence
• Decision (selection)
• Repetition (looping or iteration)
Sequence Structure
Write a
•Can contain any symbol line
except for the decision symbol. Move

•Steps are executed in Score to
High-Score
sequence with no instruction
Do
changing the order Low-Score
Do
Average
Decision Structures
If…Then…Else
If…Then
Case
If…Then
Is
Add 1 to
Code =
1? Yes Code1-Count
No
If…Then…Else
Is
Gender =
No "F"? Yes
Do Male Do Female
Do Benefit-
Analysis
Case
Value = ?
=0 >0
<0
Move Move Move

spaces to "Negative" to "Positive" to
Sign Sign Sign
Repetition (Looping or Iteration)

Structures
• Top-test loop
Bottom-test
loop
How Many Times is Each of the Following

Loops Executed?
Done = ? D o P ro ce s s
"Yes"
"No"
Done = ?
Do Process "Y e s "
"N o "
Top test Bottom test

Is This a Top-Test or a Bottom-Test Loop?

It is neither a top-
test nor bottom-test
loop.
The loop is
invalid!!!!!!
In structured programming the
decision to leave the loop must be
the first instruction or the last
instruction in the loop
Structured programming
produced significant
improvements in software
quality and development
time…
What Are the Rules for Writing a

Structured Program?
Only one entrance into and

one exit out of a structure
Entrance into structure
Exit 1 from Exit 2 from

structure structure
Entrance 1 Entrance 2
into structure into structure
Exit from structure

The End
EXERCISE
• What is Programming Language?
• Give 3 example of High-level Programming
Language.

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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

What is Programming Language?

The Generations of programming

[from Brookshear Figure 5.1]

Language generations 1,2,3

• the biggest differences are in

High level languages: the

[Brookshear Figure 5.2] plus S67 & Eiffel

Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming

Object state & Behavior

State : name, color, breed, hungry

Behavior : barking, fetching, wagging tail

State : current gear, current pedal cadence, current speed

Method is a mechanism for object-to-

Why structured programming?

What Are the Rules for Writing a

except for the decision symbol. Move

Move Move Move

Repetition (Looping or Iteration)

How Many Times is Each of the Following

Top test Bottom test

Is This a Top-Test or a Bottom-Test Loop?

What Are the Rules for Writing a

Only one entrance into and

Entrance into structure

Exit 1 from Exit 2 from

Exit from structure

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