A I S H WA R YA

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM T H O TA , B H O O M I . P,
C E L E S TA V
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Respiratory organs
• Human respiratory system
• Blood supply to lungs
• Transport of oxygen
• Respiratory diseases

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 Introduction
•WHAT IS RESPIRATION?
•Respiration is the process in which the cells of an
organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and
glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP (energy).

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 Respiratory
organs
A N I M A L S H AV E A D I V E R S E
R A N G E O F R E S P I R AT O R Y
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
ADAPTED TO THEIR SPECIFIC
NEEDS AND ENVIRONMENTS.
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES
O F R E S P I R AT O R Y O R G A N S I N
DIFFERENT ANIMAL GROUPS:
LUNGS: MAMMALS,
INCLUDING HUMANS,
POSSESS LUNGS AS THEIR
P R I M A R Y R E S P I R AT O R Y
ORGAN.
Lungs :
Mammals, including humans, possess lungs as their primary respiratory organ. Lungs are complex, spongy
structures that facilitate the exchange of gases between the air and blood. They are highly vascularized,
allowing for efficient oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal

Nose and Nasal Cavity:

The respiratory process typically begins when air is inhaled through the nostrils. Inside the nose, fine hairs
and mucus help filter, warm, and humidify the incoming air.

Pharynx:
The pharynx, or throat, serves as a common passage for both air and food. It helps direct air into the
trachea and food into the esophagus.

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Trachea:
: The trachea, or windpipe, is a rigid tube composed of cartilage rings. It carries air from the larynx into the
chest and then branches into two smaller tubes called bronchi.

Bronchi: The bronchi are tubes that branch off from the trachea and lead to the lungs. The right
lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes. The left lung is smaller so as to accommodate
space for the liver.

Bronchioles: Inside the lungs, the bronchi further divide into smaller and smaller tubes called
bronchioles, which eventually lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Alveoli: The alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange in the respiratory system. They are tiny,
thin-walled sacs surrounded by blood capillaries. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream,
and carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
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Diaphragm
D I A P H R A G M A N D I N T E R C O S TA L
M U S C L E S : B R E AT H I N G I S
CONTROLLED BY THE DIAPHRAGM,
A D O M E - S H A P E D M U S C L E L O C AT E D
B E N E AT H T H E L U N G S , A N D T H E
I N T E R C O S TA L M U S C L E S B E T W E E N
THE RIBS. WHEN THE DIAPHRAGM
CONTRACTS AND THE
I N T E R C O S TA L M U S C L E S E X PA N D
THE RIBCAGE, THE LUNG VOLUME
INCREASES, CAUSING
I N H A L AT I O N . R E L A X AT I O N O F
THESE MUSCLES LEADS TO
E X H A L AT I O N .

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 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN

• When we breathe in, the millions of air sacs in the lungs

fill with fresh oxygenated air. The oxygen then moves
into the blood by passing first through the very thin
walls of the air sacs and then into the capillaries, which
are tiny blood vessels in a network within the lungs.
• Red blood cells squeeze through narrow capillaries in
single file. Haemoglobin molecules inside red blood
cells pick up and carry the oxygen. These oxygen-rich
cells travel in the blood vessels from the lungs to the
left side of the heart. The blood is then pumped around
the body.

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Blood supply to lungs
• The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood at
low blood pressures from the right ventricle to the
lungs, where they form an extensive network of
pulmonary capillaries that supply the alveoli. It is at this
site that gaseous exchange occurs and oxygen gets
absorbed into the blood through the alveoli. This freshly
oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart
via four pulmonary veins.
• The bronchial circulation is part of the systemic
circulation. It is responsible for supplying oxygenated
blood at high blood pressures to the tissues that make
up the conducting zone of the tracheobronchial tree and
visceral pleura

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ME IN THE
MORNNING
Special respiratory
movements:
Coughing: forcible expiration after a
prolonged inspiration

Sneezing: forcible expiration due to irritant in

nasal mucosa

Hiccups: muscular spasm of diaphragm and

external intercostal muscle

Yawning: prolonged inspiration due to low

oxygen tension in blood and carbon dioxide

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 RESPIRATORY
DISEASES:
•ASTHMA: It is caused by inflammation and muscle
tightening around the airways, which makes it harder
to breathe. Symptoms can include coughing,
wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness.
•TUBERCOLOSIS: is an infectious disease that
most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type
of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected
people cough, sneeze or spit. Tuberculosis is
preventable and curable.

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This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
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 •Emphysema : The main cause of emphysema is smoking,
but other causes include air pollution and chemical fumes.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing and fatigue
•Sarcoidosis : is a condition that causes lumps or nodules
(granulomas) to form in your lungs, lymph nodes, skin, eyes and
other parts of your body. Symptoms include cough, shortness of
breath, tender sores on your shins, eye pain and redness.

• Influenza : attacks the lungs, nose and throat. Young children, older
adults, pregnant women and people with chronic disease or weak
immune systems are at high risk.

• Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny

nose, headaches and fatigue.

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