Chapter 3

CHEMICAL BONDING

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A REMINDER
• Elements: contains only one kind of atom.

A compound is made of atoms of different elements, bonded

together. The compound is described by a formula, made
from the symbols of the atoms in it.
Example:
Name of Elements in it How the atoms Formula of
compound are joined compound

Water Hydrogen and H2O

oxygen

Carbon dioxide Carbon and oxygen CO2

ethanol Carbon, hydrogen, C2H5OH

and oxygen
 Compounds and mixtures: the difference

This is a mixture
of iron powder
and sulfur. They can be separated with a magnet.
Why???

A mixture contains different substances that are not

bonded together.
 The white solid is sodium
Sodium and chlorine are
chloride. Atoms of sodium and
both elements. When
chlorine have bonded (joined
sodium is heated and
together) to form a compound.
placed in a jar of
A compound is a material
chlorine, it burns with a
formed by chemically bonding
bright flame
two or more chemical elements.
Why do atoms form bonds?
Like sodium and chlorine, the atoms of most elements
form bonds.

Why?

We get a clue by looking at the elements of Group VIII,

the noble gases. Their atoms do not form bonds because
the atoms have a very stable arrangement of electrons in
the outer shell. This makes the noble gases unreactive.

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 Why do toms form bonds?
they bond in order to gain 8 or 2 electrons in their outer shell

RULES:

• OCTET = 8 electrons in the outer shell

• DUPLET = 2 electrons in the outer shell

H and He are special cases
that do not follow the octet rule but the duplet rule.
 Types of Bond

1.Covalent Bond
2.Ionic Bond

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 Covalent Bond
a chemical bond in which pairs of electrons are shared

When two non-metal atoms react together, both need

to gain electrons to achieve stable outer shells.

A single covalent bond is formed when atoms share 1 pair

of electrons
A double bond is formed when atoms share 2 pairs
electrons

A triple bond is formed when atoms share 3 pairs

electrons
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Dot and cross diagram

Single covalent
bond

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We can show single covalent bond in a short way by a
single line, like this:

Cl-Cl (single bond)

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H-H

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A double bond is formed when atoms share 2 pairs
electrons

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A triple bond is formed when atoms share 3 pairs
electrons

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PRACTICE

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Name of Chemical Cross dot diagram Displayed
species Formula formula
Water H2O

Ammonia NH3

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Name of Chemical Cross-dot diagram Displayed
species Formula formula

Hydrogen H 2S
Sulphide

Methane CH4
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