GROUP 5: SAFETY AND FIRST AID

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMMON TYPES OF GENERAL EFFECTS

01 DISASTER 02 OF DISASTER
The different disasters that
Filipinos experience are:

GENERAL DISASTER PHILIPPINE APPROACHES

03 COUNTER- 04 TO DISASTER
MEASURES MANAGEMENT
COMPONENTS OF
COMMON PROBLEMS
05 IN DISASTER 06 DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
●The main objective of this module is to help families like yours to be prepared in
cases of natural calamities and man-made calamities. This topic is sometimes called
“Disaster Preparedness”.

●A disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts

with such severity, that the affected community has to respond by taking
exceptional measures.

●First aid is the skilled application of treatment using facilities or materials

available at the time that any trained individual gives an ill or injured person while
waiting for medical assistance to arrive.

GENERAL Objective
To educate participants to calamities and provide safety and first aid lesson
against these calamities at home, school or in any place.
COMMON TYPES OF DISASTER
1. Earthquake- Earthquakes are highly destructive natural disasters, leading to significant loss of life and
extensive damage to property on a global scale each year.

2. Volcanic Eruption- A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic eruptions
can be quite calm and effusive, or they can be explosive.

3. Tsunami- A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure as waves
come in and go out

4. Tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane)- Tropical cyclones are one of the biggest threats to life and
property even in the formative stages of their development.

5. Flood- Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or
tsunami in coastal areas.
 COMMON TYPES OF DISASTER
6. Landslide- A landslide is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. It occurs when
the driving force is greater than the resisting force.

7. Bushfire (wildfire)- A bushfire is an unplanned vegetation fire. It is a generic term that includes grass fires, forest
fires and scrub fires.

8. Drought- Drought can have a serious impact on health, agriculture, economies, energy and the environment.

9. Epidemic- Epidemic can be caused by a number of factors including infectious agents, environmental factors, and
human behavior.

10. Major Accounts- Major accident means an acute incident such as a major spill, fire or explosion that
immediately or subsequently entails multiple serious personal injuries and/or loss of human lives,

11. Armed Conflict and civil unrest- Both armed conflict and civil unrest can have devastating consequences for the
people involved. They can lead to injury, displacement, and even death, as well as long-term economic and social
disruption.
 General effects of a DISASTER
1. Loss of life- Direct loss of life from a disaster is often well-reported, but many disasters can also influence
mortality for weeks, months or years in the future.

2. Injury- Injury refers to physical harm or damage to a person's body as a result of the disaster.

3. Damage to and destruction of property- Damage and destruction of property are two common consequences
of disasters. Damage refers to the harm or impairment caused to a property or any other object as a result of a
disaster.

4. Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops- The impact of crop damage and destruction on
farmers can be particularly severe in developing countries where agriculture is a major source of income and food
production.

5. Disruption of production- Disruptions in production caused by disasters can have significant economic
consequences, including lost revenue, increased costs, and reduced productivity.
 General effects of a disaster
6. Disruption of lifestyle- The disruption of lifestyles caused by disasters can have long-lasting effects on
individuals, families, and communities.

7. Disruption of livelihood- Disruption of livelihood due to a disaster can be a devastating event for individuals
and communities.

8. Disruption of essential services- The disruption of essential services during a disaster can have a significant
impact on the affected community.

9. Damage to national infrastructure and disruption of government systems- This can have a significant
impact on the affected country's economy, security, and overall well-being.

10. National economic loss, and- National economic loss refers to the monetary damages that a country
experiences as a result of a disaster.

11. Sociological and psychological after-effects- It is important for individuals and communities to receive proper
support and care after a disaster to help mitigate the sociological and psychological after-effects.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
There are measures which enable government
agencies, organizations, communities and individuals
to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situations .
General disaster counter-measures
1. Development of possible warning indicators- The process of discovering and developing signals or signs
that can warn people of the possibility of a disaster is known as the development of prospective disaster
warning indicators.

2. Land-use regulations- Land-use regulations refer to the rules and guidelines that govern how land can be
used and developed in a particular area.

3. Building regulations- Building regulations are a set of rules and guidelines that are put in place to ensure that
buildings are constructed in a way that is safe and secure.

4. Relocation of communities- The relocation of communities may be necessary in cases where there is a high
risk of floods, landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, or other natural disasters.

5. Public awareness and education programs- The main goal of public awareness and education programs
about disaster is to help people become more prepared and resilient in the face of disasters.

6. Evacuation plans and arrangements- Evacuation plans and agreements are crucial for ensuring the safety of
individuals during times of disaster
General disaster counter-measures
7. Fire prevention regulations- The purpose of fire-prevention regulations is to promote the safety and well-being
of individuals and communities by reducing the likelihood of such disasters.
.

8. International cooperation in information technology sharing- International cooperation in information

technology sharing about disaster refers to the collaboration between countries to share information and resources
related to disaster response and management through the use of technology.
PHILIPPINE APPROACHES TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Prevent/mitigate 2. Prepare

3. Take adaptive action 4. Take corrective action

 COMMON PROBLEMS IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
1. Lack of appreciation for the
Disaster Preparedness Program
by local officials themselves
4. Lack of effective linkages for
disaster operation
2. Lack of strong and
effective Disaster 3. Absence of Disaster
Coordinating Council Preparedness Planning
installed in the LGU
5. Absence of a functional 6. Erroneous disaster reporting
Disaster Operation Center and monitoring
 Components of disaster management
1. PREVENTION- These are steps taken to prevent disasters from happening or to lessen their negative
consequences on local populations and important infrastructure.

2. MITIGATION- These initiatives aim to lessen the negative effects of disasters.

3. PREPAREDNESS- These are measures that make it possible for communities, organizations, governments,
and people to react to crisis situations quickly and effectively.

4. DISASTER IMPACT- This serves as a reminder that different types of calamities might have varied effects.

5. RESPONSE- These are precautions that are done both before and after a tragedy.

6. RECOVRY- Communities and organizations are evaluated through this procedure as they resume normal
operations after a disaster.

7. DEVELPOMENT- This explains how disaster-related activities and societal growth are related.
FIRST AID
First aid is the emergency and short-term care provided to
a person suffering from a sudden sickness or accident
until help can be obtained from a doctor.

It's essential that you know how to be safe and provide first aid.
You can lessen the victim's agony and make the doctor's job
easier by providing first aid right away.
One who gives first aid always strives to:

● Preserve the victim’s life

● Prevent complications or keep the condition from worsening
● Aid recovery
● Assures the victim by comforting him and relieving pain
THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. GENTLE- He should not cause pain In handling the victim.

2. OBSERVANT- He should notice all signs in the body of the victim.

3. RESOUREFUL- He should make the best use of things in hand.

4. SYMPATHETIC- He should know ho to comfort the victim.

5. TACTFUL- He should not alarm the patient as it may cause a nervous breakdown.

6. CHEERFUL- If the person has a happy expression, he can inspire confidence in the victim.
The need for first aid

1. To prevent accidents
2. To prevent added injury or danger
3. To prevent suffering or death
4. To train people to do the proper thing at the right time.
5. To provide proper treatment when emergency occurs.
Nine general directions for first aider
1. Adjust proper position of the victim
2. Examine the victim. Check the injuries.
3. Give immediately needed first aid.
4. Maintain the victim’s body temperature
5. Call the doctor.
6. Keep curious people away
7. Make victim happy comfortable
8. Proper and comfortable transportation should be given to
the victim together with tender loving care.
9. Don’t give any liquid to unconscious victims.
THREE DETAILS TO SAY WHEN CALLING A DOCTOR

1. Say your name clearly and tell directly your needed assistance
2. Exact place where the accident happened. Give the landmarks so
that the place can be located easily .
3. Explain exactly what happened.
WHAT IS RECOVERY
POSITION?
The recovery position is a specific body position used to help an
unconscious person breathe and prevent choking. It is commonly used in
first aid and emergency situations. The recovery position is an important
first aid skill that can help save lives in emergency situations. It is
important to seek medical attention for an unconscious person as soon as
possible, even if they have regained consciousness.
 WHEN IS THE RECOVERY POSITION
ADVISED?
The recovery position is advised when a person is unconscious but still breathing.
This position helps to maintain an open airway, which is important to prevent the
person from choking on their own vomit or saliva. By placing the person on their
side, any fluid or vomit can drain out of their mouth and reduce the risk of
aspiration. It also helps to prevent the person from inhaling any foreign objects that
may be in their mouth or throat. The recovery position is a simple and effective
technique that can be used by anyone, even those without first aid training, to
provide immediate care to someone who is unconscious.
1. If you find someone collapsed, you should first perform a primary
survey. If it shows that they are unresponsive but breathing, put them
in recovery position. the recovery position.

2. Kneel by the casualty and straighten their legs.

● If they are wearing glasses, or have any bulky items in their pockets,
remove them.
● Do not search their pockets for small items.
3. Place the arm that is nearest to you at a right angle to their body,
with the elbow bent and their palm facing upwards.

4.Bring their other arm across their chest and place the back of their hand
against the cheek nearest to you. Hold it there.
 5. With your other hand, pull their far knee up so that their foot is flat
on the floor.

the recovery position.

6. Keeping the back of the casualty’s hand pressed against their cheek, pull
on the far leg to roll the casualty towards you on to their side. You can then
adjust the top leg so that it is bent at a right angle.
 7. Gently tilt the casualty’s head back and lift their chin to make sure
their airway stays open. You can adjust the hand under their
cheek to do this.
the recovery position.

8. Call 999/112 for emergency help if it hasn’t already been done. Monitor
their level of response while waiting for help to arrive.
 MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION
● Place the victim on his back. Loosen his shirt around the neck.
● Open his mouth and sweep a hooked finger deep inside to remove any obstruction.
● Hold back of the neck with one hand. Place the heel of your hand on the forehead and till his head
as far back as you can.
● Using the hand on his forehead, pinch his nostrils; take a deep breath, open your mouth and blow.
His chest will rise as the air forced into his lungs.
● If the victim is a child, cover his nose and mouth with your mouth. This is also known as the
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
● Repeat the procedure four times in quick succession.
● Continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation steadily at the rate of ten breaths per minute until victim
starts breathing on his own or until medical help arrives.
● One the victim is breathing normally, put the victim put him in supine position while waiting for
help. But if the breathing/Pulse is absent then you still need to resuscitate the victim and maintain
airway.
 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION(CPR)
● There is a need for a normal training to be able to administer CPR
properly. However, if the victim’s life depends on CPR and nobody
else is qualifies, you have to apply it yourself.

● Put your ear to his chest and listen for a heartbeat so that you
can get the pulse rare, if there is none, proceed to administer CPR.

● If the blockade remains, do the Heimlich maneuver up to five

more or as often as necessary.
SEVERE BLEEDING- Simply apply pressure on the area in order
to stop bleeding from shallow wounds. If bleeding is due to large or deep
wounds, apply pressure on it with your finger until a clot is formed because it
could be fatal if too much blood is lost.

If there is no obvious bleeding after an accident but the victim goes into
shock, there may be internal bleeding. The signs of shock are:

● paleness
● rapid breathing
● cold sweat
● clammy skin
● drowsiness
● rapid pulse rate
● loss of consciousness
CHOCKING- When a foreign object or a fragment of blood obstructs
the windpipe and breathing becomes difficult, choking can occur. The person
can typically breathe in enough air to cough and remove the object if there is
only a partial obstruction. Immediate action is needed when the airway is totally
blocked.
What should be done?

1. Open the victim’s mouth and sweep a

hooked finger deep inside in order to remove
the obstruction.

2, Slap the victim hard between the shoulder blades

four times using the heel of your hand if there is no
obstruction found..`
What should be done?

3. If the victim is a small child, while string,

hold him on his legs and hold him face down
over your thigh so the head is lower than his
chest and slap the victim.

4. If the victim is a bigger child or an adult, hold

his head lower than his chest.
What should be done?

5. If you fail to remove the obstruction,

perform the Heimlich’s maneuver until the
object is dislodges or removed.

6. If this fails do the mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

HEIMLICH MANEUVER
What should be done:

1. Let the person stand and support him from behind. Clench a fist
and put it right under the breastbone with the angle of the
thumb against the abdomen.

2. Grasp the fist firmly with the other hand.

3. If the blockade remains, do the Heimlich maneuver up to five

time more or as often as necessary.
ELECTRIC SHOCK- It is the state of the body wherein a person’s
organs stopped working properly because of an electric shock. An
electric shock is a sudden and sometimes dangerous jolt of electricity
that passes through the body. In the context of a disaster, electric shocks
can occur in a variety of ways, such as exposed wires, downed power
lines, or damaged electrical equipment.
What should be done?
1. Don’t get in direct contact with the sources of electric power or with the victim if he is not yet
detached from the source of the shock.
2. Immediately cut off the electrical current by pulling out the plug or switch off the power
source.
3. If the person’s shock is brought about by a high voltage source, stay away from him at least 18
meters and immediately call for help.
4. Use wooden or a rubber-coated object in pushing away the victim from the electric current.
5. Pu the person in the recovery position if he is still breathing and still has pulse and perform
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
6. If breathing and pulse are no longer present, do cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Fracture (broken bone) and Dislocation- This happen when a
person falls hard. There is a dislocation when the bones that make
up a joint are wrench out of place.
What should be done?
• It is very important for a first aider to know how to handle a simple
fracture properly.
• The first aider who is careful should avoid handling the injured part and
moving the injured person until a splint is applied.
Poisoning- Poisoning often occurs among children at home.
Take extra care in storing poisons or chemicals. Keep them
out of reach of children. Always store liquids, medications,
cleaning agents, etc. in their original containers to avoid
confusion.
 Common signs of poisoning are:
1. The victim is vomiting.
2. There are burns or redness around the mouth of the victim.
3. The victim is suffering from abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea.
4. Get a sample for poison identification if the victim has vomited.
Call an ambulance and then help the victim:

1. CONSCIOUS VICTIM- If the victim is still conscious, you have

to ask him what he took. Flush the mouth with water or milk in
order to remove poison residue from the mouth.
2. UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM- If the victim is unconscious and still
breathing, put him in the recovery position. If there is a pulse and
he is still breathing conduct artificial resuscitation. If the victim is
no longer breathing and there is no pulse, perform CPR.