WG10 - 4 Chapter 01a

Chapter 1: Parts of
Speech
Writing & Grammar 10 Chapter 1 p. 1
Hour of Gold, Hour of

Lead
by Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Writing & Grammar 10 Chapter 1 pp. 2-3
Nouns
• A noun names a person, place,

thing, or idea.
• Singular nouns name one
person, place, thing, or idea.
• Plural nouns name more than
one.
Nouns
• Common nouns name an

unspecified person, place, thing, or
idea.
• Proper nouns name specific
persons, places, things, or ideas
and are always capitalized.
Nouns
• Count nouns can be singular or

plural in form and are often
introduced by a number word,
such as a, an, or one.
Nouns
• Noncount nouns are always

singular in form and cannot be
introduced by a number word.
Nouns
• A compound noun combines two

or more words that have different
meanings when used alone.
• Collective nouns are words that
refer to groups or units.
Nouns
• Concrete nouns refer to things that

can usually be perceived with the
senses.
• Abstract nouns refer to things
known by the mind but usually not
directly perceived by the senses.
Pronouns
• A pronoun is a word that

substitutes for a noun or for a noun
and its modifiers.
Pronouns
• Pronouns require an antecedent, a

noun or other pronoun that the
pronoun replaces.
Pronouns
• The most common type of pronoun

is the personal pronoun.
• Each personal pronoun has four
characteristics.
Pronouns
• Person tells to whom the pronoun

refers (first person, second person,
third person).
• Number tells whether the personal
pronoun is singular or plural.
Pronouns
• Gender tells whether the personal

pronoun is masculine, feminine, or
neuter.
• Only third-person singular
pronouns
Pronouns
• Case is a change in form that

reflects how a personal pronoun is
used in a sentence.
• Subjective
• Objective
Pronouns
• The demonstrative pronouns this,

that, these, and those identify
specific persons, places, things, or
ideas.
Pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns are used to

ask direct or indirect questions.
• Who, whom, whose, what,
which; ever is sometimes added
Pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns refer to

persons or things in a general way.
• Normally do not have
antecedents
Pronouns
• Reflexive and intensive pronouns

are personal pronouns with self or
selves added.
Pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns usually

function as objects in sentences
and refer to the same person or
thing as the subject.
Pronouns
• Intensive pronouns intensify, or

emphasize, a noun or pronoun
already in the sentence.
• Appositive
Pronouns
• A relative pronoun has a noun

function in a dependent clause and
at the same time relates that
clause to the rest of the sentence.
Pronouns
• A relative pronoun has an

antecedent and is part of an
adjective clause.
• Who, whom, whose, which, and
that
Pronouns
• Reciprocal pronouns express a

mutual or common relationship
among persons mentioned in the
subject of the sentence.
• Each other
• One another
• A noun names a person, place, thing,

or idea.
• A singular noun names one person,
place, thing, or idea.
• A plural noun names two or more
persons, places, things, or ideas.
in SUMMARY
• A common noun names a general

• A proper noun names a specific
• Compound nouns are formed by
combining two or more other words.
in SUMMARY
• Collective nouns name a group. When

a collective noun is singular in form, it
can be either singular or plural in
meaning.
in SUMMARY
• Concrete nouns refer to things that can

usually be perceived by the senses.
• Abstract nouns refer to concepts that
are perceived with the mind.
in SUMMARY
• A pronoun is a word that substitutes for

a noun and its modifiers.
• The antecedent is the noun or other
pronoun that the pronoun replaces.
• Personal pronouns reflect person,
number, gender, and case.
in SUMMARY
• Demonstrative pronouns point out

persons, places, things, or ideas.
• Interrogative pronouns ask questions.
• Indefinite pronouns do not refer to
specific persons or things.
in SUMMARY
• Reflexive pronouns are used as

objects and refer to the same person
or thing as the subject of the sentence.
• Intensive pronouns emphasize a noun
or pronoun already used in the
sentence.
in SUMMARY
• Relative pronouns have a noun

function in a dependent clause and at
the same time relate that clause to the
rest of the sentence.
in SUMMARY
• Reciprocal pronouns express a mutual

or common relationship among
persons mentioned in the subject of
the sentence.
in SUMMARY
Writing & Grammar 10 Practice the Skill 1.1 p. 7
1. Aerodynamics is the study of how moving

objects interact with air.
2. The word aerodynamics breaks down to

two words meaning air and powerful.
3. A person certainly hopes the air itself is

powerful enough to hold him when he is
in an airplane!
4. The effects of air are not always

apparent to someone who is inside a
plane.
1. Because he formulated the third law of

motion, Sir Isaac Newton has been very
important to the study of aerodynamics.
personal
2. Nearly everything in a plane takes into

account the laws of motion.
indefinite
3. What could have made Aristotle think

that the sun and stars travel in circles
because their nature was to do so?
interrogative
4. Einstein was the scientist who postulated

the theory of relativity.
relative
Writing & Grammar 10 Use the Skill 1.3 pp. 8-9
1. Years after Kitty Hawk, there are such

____ as ultralights, jumbo jets, turbojet
planes, and supersonic aircraft. (noun)
aircraft
2. The Second World War greatly boosted

the aviation ____. (noun)
industry
3. Demand for military aircraft, both to

transport goods and to bomb enemy
____, sharply increased during the war.
(noun)
targets
Verbs
• Verbs express action or state of

being.
• State-of-being verbs describe a
state or condition.
• Be and its forms are the most
common state-of-being verbs.
Verbs
• Verb identification:
• Tense
• Person
• Number
• Voice
• Mood
Verbs
• An intransitive verb is an action

verb that needs nothing to
complete it.
Verbs
• A transitive verb has a word to

receive the action of the verb.
• Direct objects
• Indirect objects
Verbs
• Linking verbs connect the subject

with a word in the predicate that
renames or describes the subject.
Verbs
• No verb can be both transitive and

linking at the same time in the
same sentence.
• Predicate nouns or predicate
adjectives follow linking verbs.
Verbs
• Auxiliaries, or “helping verbs,” are

words that may join the main verb
in making up the complete verb of
a sentence.
Verbs
• Be, have, and do can be used

either as auxiliaries or alone as
main verbs.
Verbs
• Modal auxiliaries express

something about the speaker’s
attitude, or mood, toward the
action or state he is talking about.
Verbs
• Most verbs in English have only

three basic forms. These are
called the principal parts of the
verb.
Verbs
• Principal parts:
• Present
• Past
• Past participle
• Uses a form of the auxiliary
have
• Verbs express action or state of being.

• An action verb shows what the subject
of the sentence does.
• A state-of-being verb describes a state
or a condition.
in SUMMARY
• An intransitive verb is an action verb

that needs nothing to complete it.
• A transitive verb has an object.
in SUMMARY
• A direct object is a noun or pronoun

that receives the action of a transitive
verb.
• An indirect object is a noun or pronoun
that tells to whom or for whom the
verb’s action was done.
in SUMMARY
• A linking verb connects the subject

with a word in the predicate that
renames or describes the subject.
in SUMMARY
• An auxiliary joins the main verb to

express time or to give special
meaning or emphasis.
• A modal auxiliary is a verb that
expresses something about the
speaker’s attitude toward the action or
state he is talking about.
in SUMMARY
• The principal parts are the three basic

forms of any English verb; they are the
present, the past, and the past
participle.
in SUMMARY
1. In 1977, the Concorde made its first

commercial takeoff from New York’s
Kennedy Airport.
A
2. It was the first supersonic aircraft in

America.
S
3. The luxury, hundred-passenger plane

could travel at twice the speed of
ordinary airliners.
A
4. However, the British- and French-built

planes were unpopular at first.
S
1. Tell about your last ride in a plane….

(state-of-being)
It was exciting to fly to Canada.

2. Describe what a plane looks like in the

sky. (action)
The plane soars through the sky.

3. Write a sentence about what air travel

could be like in the future. (auxiliary)
People could fly in little aircraft that look like

cars with wings.

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Chapter 1: Parts of

Hour of Gold, Hour of

• A noun names a person, place,

• Common nouns name an

• Count nouns can be singular or

• Noncount nouns are always

• A compound noun combines two

• Concrete nouns refer to things that

• A pronoun is a word that

• Pronouns require an antecedent, a

• The most common type of pronoun

• Person tells to whom the pronoun

• Gender tells whether the personal

• Case is a change in form that

• The demonstrative pronouns this,

• Interrogative pronouns are used to

• Indefinite pronouns refer to

• Reflexive and intensive pronouns

• Reflexive pronouns usually

• Intensive pronouns intensify, or

• A relative pronoun has a noun

• A relative pronoun has an

• Reciprocal pronouns express a

• A noun names a person, place, thing,

• A common noun names a general

• Collective nouns name a group. When

• Concrete nouns refer to things that can

• A pronoun is a word that substitutes for

• Demonstrative pronouns point out

• Reflexive pronouns are used as

• Relative pronouns have a noun

• Reciprocal pronouns express a mutual

1. Aerodynamics is the study of how moving

2. The word aerodynamics breaks down to

3. A person certainly hopes the air itself is

4. The effects of air are not always

1. Because he formulated the third law of

2. Nearly everything in a plane takes into

3. What could have made Aristotle think

4. Einstein was the scientist who postulated

1. Years after Kitty Hawk, there are such

2. The Second World War greatly boosted

3. Demand for military aircraft, both to

• Verbs express action or state of

• An intransitive verb is an action

• A transitive verb has a word to

• Linking verbs connect the subject

• No verb can be both transitive and

• Auxiliaries, or “helping verbs,” are

• Be, have, and do can be used

• Modal auxiliaries express

• Most verbs in English have only

• Verbs express action or state of being.

• An intransitive verb is an action verb

• A direct object is a noun or pronoun

• A linking verb connects the subject

• An auxiliary joins the main verb to

• The principal parts are the three basic

1. In 1977, the Concorde made its first

2. It was the first supersonic aircraft in

3. The luxury, hundred-passenger plane

4. However, the British- and French-built